Objective To investigate the coupling of tibial rotation and extension-flexion motion of knee joint both before and after total knee arthroplasty. Methods Six fresh-frozen left lower limbs from cadavers were tested using a modified Oxford motor rig for the knee joint. Anatomically based multiple loadings of the quadriceps mechanism were applied (Vastus medialis: 24.5 N, Vastus intermedius/rectus femoris: 29.4 N, Vastus lateralis: 19.6 N). The tibial rotation was tracked using a custom-made laser tracking device while the tibial-femoral flexion was measured with goniometer. Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) was performed using ?PFC-PS posterior cruciate ligament substituting knee system. Results Before TKA, when the knee flexed 10?, 20?, 30?, 60?, 90?, 120? and 150?, tibia rotated 5.1??2.3?, 9.3??3.3?, 10.2??4.8?,11.7??3.5?, 13.5??8.4?, 22.0??8.6? and 29.6??9.3? respectively. After TKA, tibia rotated -2.2??1.7?, -2.5??1.5?, -2.0??1.3?, 1.7??2.5?, 3.9??2.4?, 13.5??6.1? and 18.6??4.7? respectively (Tibial rotation was defined as 0? in knee extension; internal rotation as positive and external rotation as negative). Conclusion The tibial internal rotation is coincident with tibial-femoral flexion, its magnitude of tibial rotation varies in different degrees of knee flexion. The tibial internal rotatation is significant in early knee flexion(0? to 30?), then enters into a platform stage on knee bending from 30? to 90?, Once the knee bends over 90?, the tibia rotates internally markedly again, maximum internal rotation is achieved in fully flexion, probably due to relaxation of soft tissue. After TKA, in early flexion (0? to 30?) the external rotation occurs abnormally, but later on 30? to 150?, it rotates again intenally as normal.

[Objective]To measure the change of anatomic configuration of proximal tibial after high tibial osteotomy and probe its clinical consequences.[Method]From 2001 to 2005,there were 59 knees of 35 patients with medial unicompartmental osteoarthritis treated with closing-wedge high tibial osteotomy.Anatomic configuration of proximal tibia were measured both pre and postoperatively on radiographs.They included posterior slope angle of proximal tibia,tibial angle,lateral shift of articular surface of proximal tibial and level of the joint line.The alteration of the above features was calculated and analyzed statistically with paired t test.[Result]The mean tibial posterior slope angle were(8.9??2.6?)preoperatively and(5.0??2.3?)postoperatively.The tibial posterior slope angle was averagely decreased about(3.9??1.7?).Tibial angle were(99.1??4.3?)and(91.1??3.8?)before and after high tibial osteotomy respectively.Lateral shift of articular surface of proximal tibial were(46.2?3.6)% and(53.1?3.9)% in pre and postopratively.Level of joint line was(41.2?3.6)mm and(38.0?3.2)mm in pre and postopratively.Statistical analysis indicated that there was significant difference of posterior slope angle or tibial angle or lateral shift of articular surface of proximal tibial or level of joint line between pre and post operative(P

Objective High tibial osteotomy was an alternative in the management of knee osteoarthritis, it could release the knee pain, correct the mechanical axis of the affected limb, and delay the total knee replacement. We were aimed at measuring the change of posterior slope angle of tibial medial plateau after high tibial osteotomy and probe its clinical consequences. Methods From 1998 to 2001, there were fifty-eight knees of 38 patients with medial unicompartmental osteoarthritis treated with closing-wedge high tibial osteotomy. The present included 8 male and 30 female patients with the average age of 55.2 years ranging 41 to 65 years. The osteotomy line was 2 cm distal to articular surfaces, and the tibia was fixed with Giebel bladed plate and two oblique long screws. The posterior slope angles of tibia and Insall-Salvati index were measured both pre and postoperatively on lateral radiographs. The posterior slope angle of proximal tibia in this study was defined as the angle between vertical line to tibial axis and the surface parallel to subchondral bone. Insall-Salvati index was defined as the ratio of the length of patellar tendon to the largest vertical diameter of patella. The alteration of the above features was calculated and analyzed statistically with paired t test. Results The mean tibial posterior slope angle was 9.4??3.0? preoperatively and 5.6??2.6?postoperatively. The tibial posterior slope angle was averagely decreased about 3.8??2.0?, Insall-Salvati index was 1.05?0.16 and 0.94?0.18 before and after high tibial osteotomy respectively. This index was averagely decreased about 0.15?0.10. Statistical analysis indicated that there was significant difference of posterior slope angle or Insall-Salvati index between pre and post operative(P

Objective To investigate the medial-lateral tilting of patella in two different coordinate systems before and after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods Six fresh-frozen left low limbs from cadaver were tested using a modified Oxford Rig. Anatomically based multiple loading of the quadriceps mechanism was applied(Vastus medialis 24.5 N, Vastus intermedius/rectus femoris 29.4 N, Vastus lateralis 19.6 N). In a three dimensional coordinate system, patellar tilting was tracked using a custom-made Laser tracking device. The femoral trochlea was used as the other coodinate system in skyline view of patellar-femoral joint. Total knee arthroplasty was performed using PFC? posterior cruciate ligament substituting knee system. The tilting angles of patellar were measured before and after TKA. Results In three dimensional coordinate system, when knee flexed 30?,60?,90?,120?,150?, the patella titled :-3.10??2.25?,2.50??1.07?,5.46??2.60?,6.32??2.16?,-2.10??1.90? respectively before total knee arthroplasty was undertaken. After total knee arthroplasty, the patella tilted 3.24??0.35?,2.30??1.39?,1.65??1.17?,1.29??1.03?,-0.86??1.42? respectively. When femoral trochlea was taken as coordinate, the patella tilted 0??0?,0??0?,0??0?,0.24??0.35?,-3.21??1.80?; 0??0?,0??0?,0??0?,0??0?,-1.12??1.20? respectively both before and after TKA (Lateral patella tilting was defined as positive and medial patella tilting, negative). Conclusion Even the relationship between patella and femoral trochlea remains normal, the mode and magnitude of patellar tilting changes significantly after TKA. In early flexion of knee joint, patella tilts medially before TKA while it tilts laterally after TKA. After TKA, patella tilts less laterally than it does before TKA when a knee flexes from 60 to 120 degrees.

The management of national defence science and technology reports was described from their compila-tion, submission, review, communication and use, taking The Scientific Research and Training Center of China Astronauts as an example. The problems in the management of national defence science and technology reports were pointed out, with measures and suggestions put forward for strengthening their management.

Objective: To observe the clinical effect of tuina plus medications on infantile diarrhea induced by rotavirus infection. Methods: After 55 cases of confirmed sick infants were divided into two groups by the order of their visits, 30 cases in the medication group were treated by intravenous infusion of Ribavirin and oral administration of Smecta; 25 cases in the tuina plus medication group were treated by the manual techniques of tonifying Pijing(脾经) and clarifying Dachangjing (大肠经), rubbing the abdomen and kneading the navel clockwise, pushing Shangqijiegu (上七节骨), kneading Guiwei (龟尾), and pinching the skin of the spine, in combination with same medications used as in the medication group. Results: The total effective rate was 96% in the tuina plus medication group, P < 0.01, in comparison with the medication group. Conclusion: tuina has a good therapeutic effect in the treatment of infantile diarrhea induced by rotavirus infection and is importantly significant for shortening the course, enhancing the therapeutic effect and lowering down the medical cost.

Objective To evaluate surgical complications and outcomes based on prostate size in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) treated with plasmakinetic enucleation of prostate (PKEP).Methods A retrospective review was conducted of PKEP performed in 326 patients with BPH.According to the prostate size on preoperative transrectal ultrasonography measurement,patients were divided into three groups:groupl:＜40ml (n =92),group2:40～80ml (n =155),and group3:＞80ml (n =79).Intraoperative and perioperative parameters were evaluated.Patient perioperative data and postoperative outcomes were compared.Patients were followed up at 1,3,6 and 12 months after surgery.Early and late complications were recorded.Results There were significant differences among three groups regarding the mean operative time (P ＜ 0.01) and the mean resected tissue weight (P ＜ 0.01).However,enucleation efficiency (P ＜ 0.01) in gm tissue per minute increased significantly as prostate size increased.Mean hemoglobin decrease (P ＞0.05),mean serum sodium decrease (P ＞0.05),mean postoperative irrigation time (P ＞ 0.05),mean catheter time (P ＞ 0.05) and mean hospital stay (P ＞0.05) did not differ significantly among three groups.Three groups had a similar and significant postoperative improvement in international prostate symptom score (IPSS),quality of life (QOL),maximum urine rate (Qmax),and post-void residual urine volume(PVR) independent of prostate size (P ＜ 0.01),but no significant difference was found among three groups during 1,3,6 and 12-month follow-up (P ＞ 0.05).Perioperative and postoperative complications did not depend on prostate size (P ＞ 0.05).Conchsions Although patients with a larger BPH required significantly longer operation time in PKEP,prostate size did not affect perioperative and postoperative complications or micturition improvement.

Objective To understand the distribution of the river beach wetlands and Oncomelania snails in the lower reach-es of the Yangtze River,and explore the countermeasures of snail control. Methods The river beach wetlands outside the Yang-tze River levee were investigated and classified according to the hierarchical and classification system of wetlands of China. The snail survey was carried out in the beach wetlands of Runzhou section of lower reaches of the Yangtze River from 2004 to 2013. The change trend of snail areas and the densities was analyzed in the wetlands. Results The river beach of Runzhou section of lower reaches of the Yangtze River belongs to the riverine wetland. There was Oncomelania snail breeding except the permanent wa-ter area. At present,there were natural wetlands of 1 303.0 hm2,human-made wetlands of 1 479.0 hm2 and wetland function chang-es of 1 059.0 hm2 in the river beach of Runzhou section. There was the snail area of 181.4 hm2 in the natural wetland in 2013. The area of snail control by the molluscicide and environmental modification was 4 624.55 hm2 from 2004 to 2013. The decline rates of snail areas and densities were 66.53%and 77.66%respectively. The existing Oncomelania snails were distributed in the natural wetlands. Conclusion The human-made wetland is helpful to snail control. The snail control in the river beach wetlands should attach a great importance to the protection of wetland ecology.

Objective To compare the characteristics of dose distribution between hypofractionated intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) plans in lung tumor and to select an optimal clinical approach. Methods SRT plans were designed for 16 patients with lung tumors who had received IMRT between April 2007 and April 2008. The dose distribution of target volume and normal tissues, conformal index (CI) and heteregenous index (HI) were analyzed using the dose-volume histogram (DVH) for the IMRT and SRT plans. Results The mean dose and equivalent uni-form dose of planning target volume (PTV) in IMRT were similar to those in SRT. SRT had significantly better CI and HI than IMRT (t = 2.77, P < 0.05 and t = - 4.38, P < 0.01 ). The mean lung dose of IMRT and SRT was (492.4 ±368.5) cGy and ( 310.0 ± 73.1 ) cGy, respectively ( t = 1.68, P > 0.05 ). The lung V20 of IMRT and SRT was 6.9% ± 2.1% and 4.2%± 1.9%, respectively ( t = 3.30, P < 0.01 ). No sig-nificant differences were found in the mean dose to the heart or the spinal cord between IMRT and SRT. Conclusions When PTV is less than 57 cm3 or the long diameter of tumor is less than 4.7 cm, hypofrac-tionated SRT has similar dose distribution to hypofractionated IMRT, while the lung dose was lower in the former.

Objective To study the impact of environmental temperature on the development of Schistosoma japonicum larvae within the Oncomelania hupensis. Methods Oncomelania snails, collected from the field and free of S. japonicum infection, were exposed to miracidiae of S. japonicum in a ratio of 1∶20 and raised at 30 ℃, 27 ℃, 24 ℃, 21 ℃ and 18 ℃, respectively. The prepatent period of larvae within the Oncomelania hupensis and the developmental velocity were determined, of which the relationship with the temperature was analysed. Results The average prepatent period of cercariae in snail was (128.89?16.05) d,(95.00?21.03) d,(71.93?12.74) d and (62.74?14.19) d at 21 ℃, 24 ℃, 27 ℃, 30 ℃, respectively. The regression formulation between prepatent period and temperature was y =730.68x -0.8918 (r=0.9976, P