Objective To optimize static pressurized liquid extraction(PLE) method for the extraction of aristolochic acids Ⅰ and Ⅱ(AAⅠ and AAⅡ) from Fructus Aristolochiae and study the influences of related factors.Methods The univariate design was introduced.The operational parameters,such as the type of solvent,particle size of the sample powder,extraction temperature,pressure,static time,flush volume,the number of cycles,and the amount of sample were optimized.Results The optimized result employed methanol as extraction solvent,particle size of 100—120 meshes,extraction temperature of 120 ℃,extraction pressure of 10.3 MPa,static time of 10 min,flush volume of 40%,1 cycle,and sample amount of 1.00 g.The method was applied for four species of traditional Chinese medicinal materials including Fructus Aristolochiae,Caulis Aristolochiae Manshuriensis,Radix Aristolochiae,and Radix Arsitolochiae Fangchi.Conclusion This method can be used to completely extract AAⅠ and AAⅡ from Fructus Aristolochiae in once extraction.The comparison shows that this static PLE method is better than ultrasonication and Soxhlet methods with higher extraction efficiency and less time-consuming.It is also better than the dynamic one in the extraction of AAs from Radix Aristolochiae.

Objective To provide anatomical information and clinical application of flaps based on the proximal ulnar artery perforators.Methods Ten fresh cadavers who underwent injected with artery imaging technology and dissected with layer by layer;Eighteen patients who sought surgical treatment with proximal ulnar artery perforator flap for soft tissue defects of the finger and dorsum wrist at our hospital between October 2011 and November 2012 were included in this study.Results The diameter and superficial length of the main perforator respectively were 0.5-0.9 mm and 33.0-47.0 mm in our dissection.There were 5-9 perforators given from the ulnar artery to supply skin over the medial side of the forearm.All of the 18 flaps survived after surgeries.The flap size ranged from 3.0 cm × 2.5 cm to 10.0 cm × 5.5 cm.All of the transplanted flaps presented favourable contours and good functions at 6 to 12 months' followed-up.Conclusion Proximal ulnar arter perforator flap has favourable appearance,constant vascular pedicle,reliable blood supply,and large diameter.The free transplantation of this flap offers a satisfactory alternative for repairing the small and medium-sized area of soft tissue defects of forearm and hand.

Objective To evaluate the correlation between serum uric acid with cognitive disorder after acute cere?bral infarction by prospective study. Methods Four hundred consecutively enrolled patients of acute cerebral infarction were divided into no cognitive impairment group and cognitive impairment group according to the assess of Montreal Cog?nitive Assessment (MoCA). Univariate analysises were conducted in the potential risk factors of cognitive impairment in?cluding age, sex, smoking, alcohol, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, level of education, infarction in key parts, atrial fibrillation, serum uric acid, blood homocysteine between two groups. The statistically significant indicators in univariate analysises were used as independent variables and the scores of MoCA were used as the dependent variable to conduct multiple linear regression analysis. The assessment on the risk of cognitive impairment after cerebral infarction were con?ducted according to serum uric acid, sex, age and TOAST classification further. Results Serum uric acid was indepen?dent risk factors of cognitive disorder after acute cerebral infarction. The risk of cognitive disorder after acute cerebral in?farction was significantly increased in patients with high level of serum uric acid than with normal level and the relative risk was 1.35,95%CI(1.098,1.660). Especially for the young, male or patients with cerebral infarction in classification of small artery occlusion, the risk increased further, and the relative risk was 1.513, 95%CI(1.092, 2.096)1.412, 95%CI (1.125, 1.771)and 1.464, 95%CI(1.128, 1.900)respectively. Conclusion Exaltation of Serum uric acid was indepen?dent risk factor of cognitive disorder after acute cerebral infarction. The risk of cognitive disorder after acute cerebral in?farction was significantly increased in patients with high level of serum uric acid than with normal level, and especially for the young, male and patients with cerebral infarction in classification of small artery occlusion, the risk increased fur?ther.

Objective To investigate the effects of structured triglyceride on hepatic function,nutritional status,inflammatory reaction and immunologic function of patients with primary liver cancer after hepatectomy.Methods A prospective,double-blind,randomized,controlled clinical trial was conducted based on the clinical data of 80 patients with primary liver cancer who underwent hepatectomy at the Drum Tower Hospital from January 2011 to December 2012.All the 80 patients were allocated into the testing group (40 patients) and the control group (40 patients) based on a random number table,and received isometrical nitrogen and isocaloric parenteral nutritional support therapy for 7 days after operation.Structured triglyceride (STG) and physical mixed medium chain/long chain triglycerides (MCT/LCT) were applied to the patients in the testing group and the control group,respectively.The hepatic function,nutritional status,inflammatory reaction,immunologic function and prognosis of patients were compared between the 2 groups.The measurement data with normal distribution were presented as (x) ± s.The comparision between groups was evaluated with an independent sample t test.The trend analyses for variables were done using the repeated measures ANOVA.The measurement data with skew distribution were described as M(P25,P75) and analyzed by the analysis of variance.The count data were analyzed using the chi-square test.Results All the 80 patients who were screened for eligibility were randomly divided into the testing group (40 patients) and the control group (40 patients).The alanine transaminase (ALT),aspartate transaminase (AST),prealbumin,choline esterase,C-reactive protein,IgG,IgM,IgA,CD3 +,CD4 +,CD8 + and CD4 +/CD8 + in the 2 groups showed a range of variations before operation and at postoperative day 5 and 7.The ALT,AST,prealbumin,choline esterase,C-reactive protein,IgG,IgM,IgA,CD3 +,CD4 +,CD8 + and CD4+/CD8 + from preoperation to postoperative day 7 were from (36 ± 10)U/L,(37 ± 13)U/L,(233 ±42)mg/L,(154±32)U/L,(8.1 ±1.6)mg/L,(14±5)g/L,(3.2±1.3)g/L,(2.1 ±1.3)g/L,55.6％±6.8％,37.5％±2.0％,25.9％±2.9％ and 1.5 ±0.5 to (83 ±33)U/L,(63 ±42)U/L,(208 ±37)mg/L,(145 ±26)U/L,(30.3 ±8.6)mg/L,(12 ±3)g/L,(2.8 ±1.6)g/L,(2.0 ±1.2)g/L,46.2％±3.9％,33.4％±3.1％,27.9％±3.0％ and 1.2 ±0.4 in the control group,and from (36 ± 12)U/L,(36 ± 14)U/L,(231 ±45)mg/L,(149 ±25)U/L,(7.6 ± 1.8)mg/L,(13 ±5)g/L,(3.3 ±0.7)g/L,(2.1 ± 1.1)g/L,54.2％±6.3％,37.6％±3.5％,24.8％±3.4％ and 1.5 ±0.4 to (43 ±30)U/L,(40 ±33)U/L,(255 ±44)mg/L,(153 ±27)U/L,(21.7 ±11.2)mg/L,(17 ±4)g/L,(4.1 ± 1.7)g/L,(2.4 ± 1.9)g/L,57.9％±3.2％,39.2％ ± 2.9％ 22.7％ ± 3.4％ and 1.7 ± 0.4 in the testing group,respectively,showing significant differences between the 2 groups (F =94.71,86.40,64.22,16.77,8.18,37.23,11.52,22.58,50.30,26.44,13.16,44.84,P ＜ 0.05).There were no significant differences in the level of ALT,AST,prealbumin,choline esterase,C-reactive protein,IgA,CD8 + and CD4 +/CD8 + at postoperative day 5 between the 2 groups (t =1.24,1.03,0.91,1.02,0.53,0.68,1.61,0.98,P＞0.05).There were significant differences in the IgG,IgM,CD3+and CD4 + at postoperative day 5 between the 2 groups (t =2.58,3.15,3.87,2.46,P ＜ 0.05).There were significant differences in the levels of ALT,AST,prealbumin,choline esterase,C-reactive protein,IgG,IgM,IgA,CD3 +,CD4 +,CD8 + and CD4 +/CD8 + at postoperative day 7 between the 2 groups (t =4.83,2.79,5.58,2.12,3.10,2.53,4.17,2.35,3.45,2.98,3.12,3.75,P ＜0.05).The body weight of patients at postoperative day 7 and duration of hospital stay in the control group were (57 ± 6) kg and (9.9 ± 1.5) days,which were significantly different from (61 ± 8) kg and (8.8 ± 1.3) days in the testing group (t =3.67,2.71,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Structured triglyceride can effectively improve the recovery of hepatic function,nutrition status and immunologic function and reduce inflammatory reaction for the patients with primary liver cancer after hepatectomy.

Objective To study the treatment of adolescent hyperthyroidism. Methods Retrospective analysis of the clinical data of the adolescent hyperthyroidism treated by surgery was made in our hospital from January 1990 to December 1998. Results In this series, there was no death, with 3 cases transient postoperative hypocalcemia and 1 had throat spasm and physoia. All the 4 cases recovered after treatment. 78 cases(85.7%) were followed up for 0.5～9 years. Of them, all were in good condition except 2 being recurred. Conclusions Operative treatment for adolescent hyperthyroidism is a safe, quick and effictive method, but the operation indications should be good controlled.

Objective Using polysulfon fibers, a new bioartificial liver was developed. This study was to evaluate the efficacy of this bioartificial liver in the support of a disfunctioned liver. Methods Hepatocytes were procured from swine using Seglen′s methods. The bioartificial liver was constructed based on polysulfon bioreactor with a procurement of 10 10 hepatocytes, and was applied in 12 acute liver failure patients for 14 sessions. Each BAL treatment lasted 6 hours. The general conditions of the patients and the biochemical parameters were evaluated. Results After treatment with bioartificial liver, ammonia, prothrombin time and total bilirubin level significantly decreased (all P

Objective To investigate the clinical value of preoperative nutritional support (PNS) therapy in the hepatectomy of patients with nutritional risk.Methods The prospective study was conducted.The clinical data of 133 patients with nutritional risk who were admitted to the Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School from August 2012 to June 2016 were collected.All the patients undergoing PNS and traditional therapy were divided into the PNS group and the control group by random number table method,respectively.Observation indicators:(1) comparisons of laboratory indexes between groups;(2) comparisons of postoperative situations between groups;(3) comparisons of postoperative complications between groups.Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as-x±s.Comparisons between groups were evaluated with the independent-sample t test.Comparisons of count data were analyzed using the chi-square test,and repeated measures data were analyzed by the repeated measures ANOVA.Results All the 133 patients were screened for eligibility,including 68 in the PNS group and 65 in the control group.(1) Comparisons of laboratory indexes between groups:alanine transaminase (ALT),aspartate transaminase (AST),total bilirubin (TBil),cholinesterase,albumin (Alb),prealbumin,transferrin and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the PNS group were respectively (36± 13) U/L,(29± 10) U/L,(18.5±2.4) mmol/L,(5 738± 1 824) U/L,(37.4±5.1) g/L,(155±48) mg/L,(2.2±0.5)g/L,(10±4) g/L at admission and (33 ± 9) U/L,(27 ± 8) U/L,(17.9± 1.8) mmol/L,(5 796± 2 016) U/L,(38.5 ± 4.7) g/L,(181 ± 40) mg/L,(2.4± 0.5) g/L,(8± 4) g/L before operation and (285±100)U/L,(218±93)U/L,(33.5±6.3)mmol/L,(4 847±1 044)U/L,(32.6±3.8)g/L,(105±34)mg/L,(1.3±0.4) g/L,(55±28) g/L at 1 day postoperatively and (149±84) U/L,(76±42) U/L,(22.7±4.9) mmol/L,(3 866±893) U/L,(34.2±2.4) g/L,(125±30) mg/L,(1.6±0.4) g/L,(51±34) g/L at 3 days postoperatively and (64±33) U/L,(44±18) U/L,(19.4±2.8) mmol/L,(4 257± 1 032) U/L,(37.0±2.1) g/L,(148±42) mg/L,(1.9±0.4)g/L,(16±11)g/L at 7 days postoperatively;ALT,AST,TBil,cholinesterase,Alb,prealbumin,transferrin and CRP in the control group were respectively (36± 15)U/L,(31± 12)U/L,(18.3±2.9)mmol/L,(5 762±1 693)U/L,(37.3±6.1)g/L,(162±51)mg/L,(2.3±0.5)g/L,(10±4)g/L at admission and (36±11)U/L,(30±11)U/L,(18.2±2.8)mmol/L,(5 789±1 673)U/L,(37.8±7.1)g/L,(166±57) mg/L,(2.3±0.6) g/L,(9±5) g/L before operation and (305±127) U/L,(246± 104) U/L,(34.2±7.8) mmol/L,(4 842±1 173)U/L,(32.0±4.1) g/L,(83±32) mg/L,(1.2±0.4) g/L,(61 ±31) g/L at 1 day postoperatively and (163±104)U/L,(82±62)U/L,(23.1±6.0)mmol/L,(3 672±937) U/L,(33.8±3.6) g/L,(106±30)mg/L,(1.4±0.4)g/L,(61±40)g/L at 3 days postoperatively and (77±48) U/L,(52±27) U/L,(20.2±3.5) mmol/L,(3 925±987) U/L,(36.6±2.8) g/L,(125±40) mg/L,(1.7±0.4) g/L,(22± 12) g/L at 7 days postoperatively,showing no statistically significant difference in changing trends of above indicators between groups (F =1.007,2.223,0.579,0.014,0.235,3.533,2.970,2.143,P＞0.05).Results of further analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in the levels of ALT,AST and cholinesterase at 7 days postoperatively between groups (t=1.832,2.073,1.899,P＜0.05),and in the levels of prealbumin before operation and at 1,3 and 7 days postoperatively between groups (t =1.698,3.738,3.625,3.178,P＜0.05) and in the levels of transferrin and CRP at 3 and 7 days postoperatively between groups (t=2.917,2.709,1.667,2.990,P＜0.05).(2) Comparisons of postoperative situations between groups:time to initial exsufflation,time of initial defecation,infused volume of exogenous albumin and duration of postoperative hospital stay were respectively (46± 15)hours,(64±16)hours,(23±10)g,(9.2±2.6)days in the PNS group and (55±18)hours,(78±21)hours,(39±25)g,(11.7±5.3) days,with statistically significant differences in the above indicators between groups (t =2.830,4.157,5.044,3.497,P＜0.05).(3) Comparisons of postoperative complications between groups:23 and 33 patients in the PNS and control groups had postoperative complications,showing a statistically significant difference between groups (x2=3.915,P＜0.05).Eight and 17 patients in the PNS and control groups were respectively complicated with peritoneal effusion,with a statistically significant difference between groups (x2 =4.508,P＜ 0.05).Conclusion PNS therapy in the hepatectomy of patients with nutrition risk can effectively improve pre-and post-operative nutrition statuses,reduce liver damage,accelerate recoveries of liver and gastrointestinal functions,reduce complications,shorten duration of postoperative hospital stay and accelerate patients' recovery.

Objective:To investigate the effect of autophagy on liver injury with obstructive jaundice in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and its underlying mechanism.Methods:Thirty-five healthy male SD rats, SPF grade, aged 6-8 weeks, weighting 200-300 g, were divided into 5 groups with 7 rats in each group, including sham group (simple free common bile duct, without ligation, intraperitoneal injection of normal saline), obstructive jaundice (OJ) group (established by common bile duct ligation, intraperitoneal injection of normal saline), OJ group with 3-MA, OJ group with Rapamycin, and OJ group with 3-MA and VX-765. Morphological changes in liver tissues were analyzed with HE staining. Expression of autophagy-related protein Atg5 was detected by immunohistochemistry staining. Liver function was analyzed by automatic biochemical instrument and the level of serum interleukin (IL)-18 was detected using ELISA assay. Protein levels of autophagy related-proteins and endoplasmic reticulum stressed (ERs)-related apoptosis proteins were detected by Western Blot.Results:The relative expression of autophagy related protein Atg5 in OJ group was significantly higher than that in sham group [(5.0±1.0) vs. (2.8±1.3), t=-3.00, P<0.05]. Compared with sham group, the activity of autophagy was enhanced and the protein levels of Caspase-1/p-65 and IL-18 were significantly increased in OJ group. At the same time, apoptosis was induced by activating ERs. In OJ group, the autophagy inducer 3-MA improved the expression levels of Caspase-1/p-65 and IL-18, and aggravate liver injury. While after applying the autophagy agonist Rapamycin in OJ rat models, the expression of Caspase-1/p-65 and IL-18 was repressed and liver damage was also reduced. In addition, in rat OJ groups with 3-MA, inhibition of Caspase-1 by VX-765 could down regulate the expression of Caspase-1/p-65 and IL-18, and protect against liver injury. Conclusions:Both ERs related apoptosis and autophagy were activated after ligation of common bile duct. Besides, activation of autophagy could reduce OJ-induced liver injury in SD rats by inhibiting the Caspase-1/p-65 inflammatory pathway.

Mitochondria play a key role in various cell processes including ATP production, Ca homeostasis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and apoptosis. The selective removal of impaired mitochondria by autophagosome is known as mitophagy. Cerebral ischemia is a common form of stroke caused by insufficient blood supply to the brain. Emerging evidence suggests that mitophagy plays important roles in the pathophysiological process of cerebral ischemia. This review focuses on the relationship between ischemic brain injury and mitophagy. Based on the latest research, it describes how the signaling pathways of mitophagy appear to be involved in cerebral ischemia.
Animals ; Brain Ischemia ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; Mitochondrial Degradation ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; metabolism ; Stroke ; metabolism ; pathology

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal disease with painful clinical manifestations and high risks of cancerization. With no curative therapy for IBD at present, the development of effective therapeutics is highly advocated. Drug delivery systems have been extensively studied to transmit therapeutics to inflamed colon sites through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect caused by the inflammation. However, the drug still could not achieve effective concentration value that merely utilized on EPR effect and display better therapeutic efficacy in the inflamed region because of nontargeted drug release. Substantial researches have shown that some specific receptors and cell adhesion molecules highly expresses on the surface of colonic endothelial and/or immune cells when IBD occurs, ligand-modified drug delivery systems targeting such receptors and cell adhesion molecules can specifically deliver drug into inflamed sites and obtain great curative effects. This review introduces the overexpressed receptors and cell adhesion molecules in inflamed colon sites and retrospects the drug delivery systems functionalized by related ligands. Finally, challenges and future directions in this field are presented to advance the development of the receptor-mediated targeted drug delivery systems for the therapy of IBD.