Objective To investigate urban residents’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) for ambient air pollution control to avoid the adverse health effects in Qingdao, China. Methods A contingent valuation method (CVM) was employed and a sample of 1 050 residents was randomly chosen, 21st to 27th January, 2007. A series of hypothetical, open-ended scenario questions were designed to elicit the respondents’ WTP with face-to-face interviews. A Probit model on the probability of a positive WTP and a stepwise regression model were established to find the relationship between endogenous variables and WTP. Results 1 008 valid questionnaires were obtained. 73.9% respondents believe that air pollution had adverse effects on health. 54.6% respondents cost 100 to 500 Chinese Yuan (CNY) on treatment of respiratory diseases for their whole family. 94.2% respondents were able to express positive WTP and the median WTP was 600 Chinese Yuan (CNY) per household per year. Conclusion Urban residents’ aggregate WTP accounted for 1.25% of annual household income and 11.9% of government investments for air pollution control in 2005. Residents’ age, job and household income variables had significant influence on the probability of a positive WTP. Residents’ household income, education level, expenditure on treatment of respiratory diseases and age significantly influence WTP value.

Objective To study the therapeutic effect and possible adverse effects of tribendimidine enteric coated tablets in the treatment of infections due to hookworms, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Enterobius vermicularis. Methods According to the standard clinical trial design and protocol, pearsons infected with hookworms, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, or Enterobius vermicularis respectively, were treated with tribendimidine enteric coated tablets in four counties of Guangdong and Jiangsu Provinces, albendazole was used as control. Results For hookworm infection, the curative rate (eggs negative in the faeces) were 89^5%(85/95) and 70^6%(60/85) with tribendimidine (400 mg) and albendazole(400 mg) respectively; for Ascaris infection, 97^4%(114/117) and 98^9%(91/92) with tribendimidine(300 mg) and albendazole(400 mg) respectively; for Trichuris infection,33^3%(25/75) and 56^1%(23/41) with tribendimidine(400 mg/day for 3 days) and albendazole(400 mg/day for 3 days) respectively; for Enterobius infection in children, 74^1%(60/81) and 93^0%(40/43) with tribendimidine(200 mg) and albendazole(200 mg) respectively. No considerable side effect was found. Conclusion Tribendimidine is highly active in the treatment of hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides infections, free of major adverse effect and easy to administer. It is more effective than albendazole for the infection of Necator americanus.

Objective: To investigate the effects of arginine enriched TPN on proliferation and apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. Methods:24 young rabbits were divided into 3 groups: control group,standard TPN group and arginine-enriched TPN group.Rabbits in the control group received free chow and water ad libitum after ligation of the right jugular vein;animals in the other two groups received standard TPN(175kcal/kg?d,200 ml/kg?d) or arginine enriched(2% of total energy) TPN.After 7 days of TPN administration,plasma and ileum were collected for the following tests: ①intestinal morphological changes;②incidence of bacterial translocation;③D-lactic acid level in plasma;④expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) of epithelial cells;⑤apoptosis of epithelial cells. Results:①The mucosal thickness,villus height and villus surface area in argnine enriched TPN group were significantly higher than those in standard TPN group(P0.05).②The incidence of bacterial translocation in arginine enriched TPN group was significantly lower than that in standard TPN group(P0.05).③The plasma D-lactic acid level in arginine enriched TPN group was significantly lower than that in standard TPN group(P0.05). Conclusion:Arginine plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of gut barrier,reducing the apoptosis of epithelial cells and improving the intestinal cells proliferation.

Objective To analyse CT and MRI features of intracranial chondromas and review the literatures.9 cases of intracra-nial chondromas confirmed by operation and pathology were presented.Methods Among 9 cases,cerebral CT scan was performed in 8 cases(8/9),MRI scan in 4 cases(4/9)with spin-echo T1 WI,T2 WI,FLAIR,DWI sequences and enhanced T1 WI sequences.Results The lesions located at the skullbase in 8 cases,the dural convexity in 1 case.CT showed that the lesions were spot,strip or arc of fringe calcifications in 8 cases.MRI showed that the lesions were inhomogeneous low and moderate signal intensity on T1 WI and in-homogeneous high and moderate signal intensity on T2 WI in 4 cases(4/4).Multinodular or lobed high signal intensity was seen on T2 WI in 2 cases(2/4),coralline septal moderate signal intensity was seen on T2 WI ,which was obvious enhancement after adminis-tration of contrast medium on T1 WI in 2 cases(2/4),the envelope of the lesions was also obvious enhancement in 4 cases.Conclu-sion CT and MRI features of intracranial chondromas are marked.The MRI features of intracranial chondromas can reflect its path-ologic and histologic characteristics.

Objective To investigate the affect of rhTNFR:Fc on the postoperative recovery of patients with inflammatory arthritis after arthroplasty. Methods Patients with inflammatory arthritis undergoing arthroplasty were included and divided into rhTNFR:Fc group (rhTNFR:Fc only or combined with conven-tional DMARDs) and conventional DMARDs group (monotherapy with or combination of conventional DMARDs). We retrospectively analyzed the incidence of postoperative infection, wound healing time, the febrile period (body temperature ≥37.5 ℃) and the duration of antibiotics treatment after arthroplasty. x2 test and t test were used for statistical analysis. Results Sixty-seven patients were included, 18 in the rhTNFR: Fc group and 49 in the conventional DMARDs group. One postoperative infection occurred in rhTNFR :Fc group but none in the DMARDs group. There was no significant difference by Fisher's exact test (P＞0.05). The febrile duration was (4±3) days in the rhTNFR :Fc group and (3±3) days in the conventional DMARDs group, the difference was not statistically significant (P＞0.05). The wound healing time was (14.0±3.1) days in the rhTNFR :Fc group and (14.7±2.9) days in the conventional DMARDs group, which was not statistically different(P＞0.05). The duration of antibiotics treatment after operation was (14.8±9.3) days in the rhTNFR: Fc group and (10.3±2.7) days in the conventional DMARDs group, the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05). Conclusion Using rhTNFR:Fc during perioperative period in patients with inflammatory arthritis does not increase the risk of infectious complications or extending wound healing time and the febrile duration.

Objective:To establish the quality standard for Tiaojing Zhuyun granules .Methods:A TLC method was used for the qualitative identification of main ingredients of Cornus officinalis and Angelica sinensis, and an HPLC method was used for the determi-nation of loganin in Tiaojing Zhuyun granule with SinoChrom ODS-BP (250 mm ×4.6 mm,5μm) as the analytical column .The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile-0.1%phosphric acid solution (14∶86) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml· min-1 .The detection wavelength was set at 240 nm and the column temperature was 30℃.Results:The corresponding spots in the granule were clear without any inter -ference from the negative control .The calibration curve of loganin was in good linearity over the range of 50 .40-1008 .00 ng ( r =0.999 9).The average recovery was 98.02%(RSD=2.51%,n=6).Conclusion:The method is simple,feasible and reproducible, which can be used for the quality control of Tiaojing Zhuyun granules .

Objective:To establish a determination method for loganin in Tiaojing Zhuyun granules by HPLC. Methods: HPLC was used with a SinoChrom ODS-BP (250 mm × 4. 6 mm,5μm) as the analytical column. The mobile phase was composed of acetoni-trile-0. 1% phosphoric acid solution(14∶86). The detection wavelength was set at 240 nm and the column temperature was 30℃. Re-sults:The calibration curve of loganin was in a good linearity over the range of 50. 40-1 008. 00 ng(r=0. 999 9). The average recov-ery was 99. 33%(RSD=1. 41%, n=6). Conclusion:The method is simple,feasible and reproducible,and can be used in the quality control of Tiaojing Zhuyun granules.

Objective To determine the effects of intrauterine growth retardation(IUGR) caused by malnutrition during pregnancy on the lung structure and expression of Clara cell protein (CCSP) and interferon (IFN)-γ in the fetal lungs,and to explore their relation ship with pulmonary disease.Methods Fetal rats from maternal protein-malnutrition dams were studied on day 20(term 21.5 day).The lung pathology was examined by means of Hematoxylin and eosin(HE) stain.Plasma was collected to determine the CCSP and IFN-γ concentration.Lungs were harvested to measure the expression of CCSP and IFN-γ mRNA by using fluorescent quantization reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and the levels of CCSP and IFN-γ protein were assessed by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results Malnutrition fetus body weight significantly less compared to control group,so did the lung weight.However,lung weight,expressed as a percentage of body weight between the 2 groups was not different.The IUGR group had significantly decreased alveolar number manifested by lower radial alveolar count,and significantly increased mean linear intercept of alveoli.Both the CCSP mRNA expression and protein level in lung of IUGR rats were decreased compared with control rats (all P ＜ 0.05).A decline in plasma CCSP protein concentration was also noted compared with control group (P ＜0.05).Furthermore,IUGR group fetus showed lower IFN-γ levels both in circulation and in the lung tissue (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Intrauterine malnutrition significantly alters lung structure and cytokine IFN-γ level,and the latter may further inhibit the transcription of CCSP gene.These alterations may contribute to both early and late postnatal respiratory morbidity.

Gypsum as a common mineral medicine is widely used in clinics, which is mainly used for the treatment of all kinds of fever. Through reviewing the historical document records of gypsum, the effects of the mineral resources and production process on the quality, and the quality studies were investigated in order to guide the production process,the preparation process and decoction pieces classification of gypsum, and further expand the effective application of gypsum in clinics.

Objective To evaluate the effect of heparin and argatroban on the coagulating function and the vascular thrombosis in the early period after pediatric living related liver transplantation (LRLT).Method Eighty-four congenital biliary atresia pediatric patients who had performed LRLT were involved in this study.According to the method of anticoagulation,the patients were divided into two groups (heparin group and argatroban group).Antithrombin Ⅲ (AT-Ⅲ) activity,activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and international normalized ratio (INR) of two groups were measured in the first 5 days after LRLT.In order to determine whether vascular thrombosis existed,Doppler ultrasound was performed daily.Result There were no significant differences in gender,age,body weight,graft-recipient weight ratio and whether to accept Kassi procedure between two groups.The AT-Ⅲ activity of two groups was low and increased gradually after operation.There was no significant difference between two groups.There were no significant differences in APTT and INR between two groups immediate and at first day after operation.After anticoagulation,the differences in APTT and INR between two groups were significant.The incidence of vascular thrombosis was 4.76％ (3/63) and 0(0/21) respectively in heparin and argatroban groups.There was no significant difference between two groups.During treatment,there were no severe complications in two groups,such as active hemorrhage and allergy.Conclusion Argatroban is a direct anticoagulant.It is independent on the level of AT-Ⅲ activity.It may play an important role for preventing vascular thrombosis after pediatric LRLT.