ObjectiveTo optimize Chonglian oral solution extracting craft. MethodsWith the obtaining rate of extract and the total content of the Pariphyllin Ⅰ and Phillyrin presented in the extract as the indexes for the water extraction process,and with the total content of the Pariphyllin Ⅰ and Phillyrin presented in the extract as the indexes for the alcohol deposition process,orthogonal design was used to optimize the conditions for the extraction process respectively. ResultsThe optimal conditions for the water extraction of Chonglian oral solution was as following:to add water 10 times,decocting 3 times,1 hour each time.The optimal conditions for the alcohol deposition of Chonglian oral solution was as following:concentrated for the relative density to 1.10(80C hot test),cold,add ethanol to the solution for the ethanol content of the solution reached 80%,static settlement for 24 hours. ConclusionThe extracting method is reasonable,stable,and suitable to industrialized producting.

Objective To investigate the inhibitory effects of emodin on herpes simplex virus typeⅠandⅡ(HSV-Ⅰand HSV-Ⅱ)in vitro.Methods The antivirus effects of the derivates of anthraquinones component from rhubarb (emodin,rhein,physcion,aloeemodin,and chrysophanol)on HSV-Ⅰand HSV-Ⅱin rabbit renal cells were evaluated by means of the inhibition of cytopathic effect.Results Emodin can inhibit the cytopathic effect of HSV-Ⅰat the tolerance dosage of 3.75?g/mL and can inhibit the cytopathic effect of HSV-Ⅱat the tolerance dosage of 15.0?g/mL.Conclusion Emodin has in-vitro antivirus effects on herpes simplex virus typeⅠandⅡ,while other derivates such as rhein,physcion,aloe-emodin,chrysophanol have no such effects.

Objective To study the expression of MN mRNA in peripheral blood of renal cell carcinoma(RCC) patients and to evaluate its clinical significance. Methods Peripheral blood MN mRNA expression was detected by means of RT PCR 30 patients with renal cell carcinoma,including 16 with localized RCC and 14 with metastatic RCC,in 30 patients without renal tumors series as controts. Results With RT PCR, MN mRNA expressin was detected in 13 of 30 cases of RCC (43%) including 5 of 16 patients(31%) with localized RCC and 8 of 14 patients(57%) with metastatic RCC, none of the 30 control cases being positive. No correlation was noted between MN results and tumor stage. Conclusions RT PCR assay of MN is a highly sensitive technique for detecting circulating renal carcinoma cells in the peripheral blood, and it may be helpful in the diagnosis of micrometastasis.MN can be regarded as a cell specific relative protein of clear cell renal carcinoma.

[ABSTRACT]AIM:ToinvestigatetheeffectofimmunosuppressantFK506onserumglucoseinratsandtoex-plore its mechanism .METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats ( n =12 ) were randomly divided into drug group and normal group.The rats in drug group were intraperitoneally injected with FK 506 at dose of 1 mg· kg-1 · d-1 and the rats in nor-mal group received saline (1 mL· kg-1 · d-1 , ip) for 14 d.The fasting weight and fasting glucose were regularly meas-ured every 2 d.Visceral fat was isolated from the rats at the end of experiment .The mRNA expression of adiponectin , lep-tin, visfatin, resistin, retinol-binding protein 4 ( RBP4) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ( PPAR-γ) was determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR .The protein expression of PPAR-γand adiponectin was measured by Western blotting .RESULTS:Compared with normal group , the concentration of fasting blood glucose in model group was significantly increased from the 10th day (P<0.05).At day 14, the fasting blood glucose of the model group increased from (5.10 ±0.62) mmol/L to (7.73 ±0.73) mmol/L.No significant change of blood glucose in normal group between the 10th day and the 14th day [from (4.66 ±0.32) mmol/L to (5.80 ±0.10) mmol/L] was observed.Compared with normal group , the mRNA expression of PPAR-γ, adiponectin and leptin in the adipose tissue of model group was signifi-cantly decreased ( P <0.01 ) , whereas the expression of visfatin , resistin and RBP4 was significantly increased ( P <0.05).Compared with normal group, the expression of PPAR-γand adiponectin in model group was decreased (P <0.01).CONCLUSION:FK506 may decrease the expression of PPAR-γto change the expression of adipocytokines and induce hyperglycemia in rats .

Objective:To explore the effect of adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells to regulate the differentiation of macrophage RAW264.7.Methods:First,we used RAW264.7 cells to simulate macrophage and induced them to M 1 macrophage with lipopolysaccharide ( LPS,1 μg/ml) .Then we cultured these RAW264.7 cells in culture mediums which were previously used to culture adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells to imitate the transplantation of ADMSC .Last,the mRNA relative expression of IL-10, IGF-1,Arg-1,TNF-α,FIZZ1,SPHK-1 was detected by real-time PCR.The protein expression of IL-12 p40,IL-27 Rα,IL-10 was detected by Western blot.Results:After been cultured in ADMSCCM and induced by LPS ,M1 markers (TNF-αmRNA,IL-12 p40;P<0.05) of the RAW264.7 cells declined while M2 markers (IGF-1 mRNA,IL-10 mRNA,IL-10;P<0.05) rose.Conclusion: ADMSC can secrete soluble cytokines to induce the RAW264.7 cell,which have been induced to the M1 macrophages,to differentiate towards M2 macrophages.

Objective:To investigate the effect of berberine on immune regulation and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signal pathway in lung cancer rats.Methods:The lung cancer rat model was established by perfusing a carcinogenic lipiodol solution. The 36 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the model group ( n = 12), the berberine group ( n = 12), and the normal group ( n = 12). The rats in the berberine group were ig berberine 15 mg/kg, once daily. The rats in the model group and the normal group were ig the same dose of normal saline, once daily. The intervention was conducted continuously for 16 weeks for each group. The spleen index and lung index, tumor inhibition rate, T lymphocyte subgroup level, PI3K, and Akt protein expression of rats in each group were compared. Results:The spleen index of the model group and berberine group was lower than that of the normal group, while the lung index was higher than that of the normal group (all P < 0.05). The spleen index of the berberine group was higher than that of the model group, while the lung index was lower than that of the model group (all P < 0.05). The tumor weight of the berberine group was lower than that of the model group ( P < 0.05). The tumor inhibition rate of the berberine group was 43.12%. The CD3 +, CD4 +, and CD4 +/CD8 + levels of the model group and berberine group were lower than those of the normal group, CD8 + level was higher than that of the normal group (all P < 0.05), and the CD3 +, CD4 + and CD4 +/CD8 + levels of the berberine group higher than those of the model group, while CD8 + level was opposite (all P < 0.05). The gray values of PI3K and Akt protein of the model group and berberine group were higher than those of the normal group (all P < 0.05), and this value of the berberine group was lower than that of the model group (all P < 0.05). Conclusions:Berberine can effectively inhibit tumor growth in lung cancer rats, promote spleen development and differentiation, regulate immune function, and downregulate the expression of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Purpose: This study identified factors predicting malignant upgrade for atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) diagnosed on core-needle biopsy (CNB) and developed a nomogram to facilitate evidence-based decision making. Methods: This retrospective analysis included women diagnosed with ADH at the National Cancer Centre Singapore (NCCS) in 2010–2015. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to identify clinical, radiological, and histological factors associated with malignant upgrade. A nomogram was constructed using variables with the strongest associations in multivariate analysis. Multivariable logistic regression coefficients were used to estimate the predicted probability of upgrade for each factor combination. Results: Between 2010 and 2015, 238,122 women underwent mammographic screening under the National Breast Cancer Screening Program. Among 29,564 women recalled, 5,971 CNBs were performed. Of these, 2,876 underwent CNBs at NCCS, with 88 patients (90 lesions) diagnosed with ADH and 26 lesions upgraded to breast malignancy on excision biopsy. In univariate analysis, factors associated with malignant upgrade were the presence of a mass on ultrasound (p = 0.018) or mammography (p = 0.026), microcalcifications (p = 0.047), diffuse microcalcification distribution (p = 0.034), mammographic parenchymal density (p = 0.008). and ≥ 3 separate ADH foci found on biopsy (p = 0.024). Mammographic parenchymal density (hazard ratio [HR], 0.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.005–0.35; p = 0.014), presence of a mass on ultrasound (HR, 10.50; 95% CI, 9.21–25.2; p = 0.010), and number of ADH foci (HR, 1.877; 95% CI, 1.831–1.920; p = 0.002) remained significant in multivariate analysis and were included in the nomogram. Conclusion Our model provided good discrimination of breast cancer risk prediction (C-statistic of 0.81; 95% CI, 0.74–0.88) and selected for a subset of women at low risk (2.1%) of malignant upgrade, who may avoid surgical excision following a CNB diagnosis of ADH.

Objective To investigate the antimicrobial resistance profile of the clinical isolates collected from selected hospitals across China. Methods Twenty-nine general hospitals and five children's hospitals were involved in this program. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out according to a unified protocol using Kirby-Bauer method or automated systems. Results were interpreted according to CLSI 2017 breakpoints. Results A total of 190 610 clinical isolates were collected from January to December 2017, of which gram negative organisms accounted for 70.8％ (134 951/190 610) and gram positive cocci 29.2％ (55 649/190 610). The prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains was 35.3％ in S. aureus (MRSA) and 80.3％ in coagulase negative Staphylococcus (MRCNS) on average. MR strains showed much higher resistance rates to most of the other antimicrobial agents than MS strains. However, 91.6％ of MRSA strains were still susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, while 86.2％ of MRCNS strains were susceptible to rifampin. No staphylococcal strains were found resistant to vancomycin. E. faecalis strains showed much lower resistance rates to most of the drugs tested (except chloramphenicol) than E. faecium. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) was identified in both E. faecalis and E. faecium. The identified VRE strains were mainly vanA, vanB or vanM type based on phenotype or genotype. The proportion of PSSP or PRSP strains in the non-meningitis S.pneumoniae strains isolated from children decreased but the proportion of PISP strains increased when compared to the data of 2016. Enterobacteriaceae strains were still highly susceptible to carbapenems. Overall, less than 10％ of these strains (excluding Klebsiella spp.) were resistant to carbapenems. The prevalence of imipenem-resistant K. pneumoniae increased from 3.0％ in 2005 to 20.9％ in 2017, and meropenem-resistant K. pneumoniae increased from 2.9％ in 2005 to 24.0％ in 2017, more than 8-fold increase. About 66.7％ and 69.3％ of Acinetobacter (A. baumannii accounts for 91.5％) strains were resistant to imipenem and meropenem, respectively. Compared with the data of year 2016, P. aeruginosa strains showed decreasing resistance rate to carbapenems. Conclusions Bacterial resistance is still on the rise. It is necessary to strengthen hospital infection control and stewardship of antimicrobial agents. The communication between laboratorians and clinicians should be further improved in addition to surveillance of bacterial resistance.

Objective To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of the common pathogens isolated from urine from 2015 to 2021 in the CHINET Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Program.Methods The bacterial strains were isolated from urine and identified routinely in 51 hospitals across China in the CHINET Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Program from 2015 to 2021.Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by Kirby-Bauer method,automatic microbiological analysis system and E-test according to the unified protocol.Results A total of 261 893 nonduplicate strains were isolated from urine specimen from 2015 to 2021,of which gram-positive bacteria accounted for 23.8％(62 219/261 893),and gram-negative bacteria 76.2％(199 674/261 893).The most common species were E.coli(46.7％),E.faecium(10.4％),K.pneumoniae(9.8％),E.faecalis(8.7％),P.mirabilis(3.5％),P.aeruginosa(3.4％),SS.agalactiae(2.6％),and E.cloacae(2.1％).The strains were more frequently isolated from inpatients versus outpatients and emergency patients,from females versus males,and from adults versus children.The prevalence of ESBLs-producing strains in E.coli,K.pneumoniae and P.mirabilis was 53.2％,52.8％and 37.0％,respectively.The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant strains in E.coli,K.pneumoniae,P.aeruginosa and A.baumannii was 1.7％,18.5％,16.4％,and 40.3％,respectively.Lower than 10％of the E.faecalis isolates were resistant to ampicillin,nitrofurantoin,linezolid,vancomycin,teicoplanin and fosfomycin.More than 90％of the E.faecium isolates were ressitant to ampicillin,levofloxacin and erythromycin.The percentage of strains resistant to vancomycin,linezolid or teicoplanin was＜2％.The E.coli,K.pneumoniae,P.aeruginosa and A.baumannii strains isolated from ICU inpatients showed significantly higher resistance rates than the corresponding strains isolated from outpatients and non-ICU inpatients.Conclusions E.coli,Enterococcus and K.pneumoniae are the most common pathogens in urinary tract infection.The bacterial species and antimicrobial resistance of urinary isolates vary with different populations.More attention should be paid to antimicrobial resistance surveillance and reduce the irrational use of antimicrobial agents.

Objective To understand the distribution and changing resistance profiles of clinical isolates of Enterococcus in hospitals across China from 2015 to 2021.Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted for the clinical isolates of Enterococcus according to the unified protocol of CHINET program by automated systems,Kirby-Bauer method,or E-test strip.The results were interpreted according to the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI)breakpoints in 2021.WHONET 5.6 software was used for statistical analysis.Results A total of 124 565 strains of Enterococcus were isolated during the 7-year period,mainly including Enterococcus faecalis(50.7％)and Enterococcus faecalis(41.5％).The strains were mainly isolated from urinary tract specimens(46.9％±2.6％),and primarily from the patients in the department of internal medicine,surgery and ICU.E.faecium and E.faecalis strains showed low level resistance rate to vancomycin,teicoplanin and linezolid(≤3.6％).The prevalence of vancomycin-resistant E.faecalis and E.faecium was 0.1％and 1.3％,respectively.The prevalence of linezolid-resistant E.faecalis increased from 0.7％in 2015 to 3.4％in 2021,while the prevalence of linezolid-resistant E.faecium was 0.3％.Conclusions The clinical isolates of Enterococcus were still highly susceptible to vancomycin,teicoplanin,and linezolid,evidenced by a low resistance rate.However,the prevalence of linezolid-resistant E.faecalis was increasing during the 7-year period.It is necessary to strengthen antimicrobial resistance surveillance to effectively identify the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and curb the spread of resistant pathogens.