Optogenetics is a novel technique which combines optics with genetics.Using genetic means,a selected opsin protein is ectopically expressed in target neurons,which are then stimulated by light to moderate the neuronal circuit,as a consequence to regulate the animal's behaviors.Retinal degeneration like retinitis pigmentosa and aged macular degeneration causes visual impairment and eventual blindness.Optogenetics techniques have opened the door to creating artificial photoreceptors in the remaining retinal circuits of retinal degeneration retinas via gene therapy.However,there are still limitations in optogenetics technique,for example,potential risk in virus infection,the choice of target cells and the low visual resolution of the experiment animal.It has been reported that vision was successfully restored to a certain extent in animal model using optogenetics technique.With higher photosensitivity of opsin protein,longer activation kinetics and higher transfection efficiency of virus vector,optogenetics techniques' application in ophthalmology will be improved.

Objective To evaluate the effect of propofol on the endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis during focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats.Methods Eighty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 240-280 g,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =20 each):shame operation group (group S) ; focal cerebral I/R group (group FCIR); propofol pretreatment group (group P); intralipid pretreatment group (group Ⅰ).Focal cerebral I/R was induced by 4 h middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by reperfusion.Propofol was infused at a rate of 12 mg· kg-1 · h-1 starting from 30 min before ischemia until 15 min of ischemia in group P,while intralipid was given instead of propofol in group I.Neurological deficit scores (NDSs) were measured at 6 h of reperfusion in 10 rats chosen from each group and the rats were then sacrificed.Their left brains were removed for determination of brain water content.The left 10 rats were sacrificed and their brains were immediately removed for determination of the expression of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP),Bcl-2,and activated caspase-3 in the left hippocampi by Western blot.Results Compared with group S,NDSs and brain water content were significantly increased,the expression of CHOP and activated caspase-3 was up-regulated,and the expression of Bcl-2 was down-regulated in group FCIR,NDSs was increased in group P (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group FCIR,NDSs and brain water content were significantly decreased,the expression of CHOP and activated caspase-3 was down-regulated,and the expression of Bcl-2 was up-regulated in group P,and no significant change was found in each parameter in group Ⅰ (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Propofol can reduce focal cerebral I/R injury through inhibition of the endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis in rats.

Objective This study was to explore deaf people's needs for a smooth communication with doctors and/or nurses during health consultation in the outpatient department or when being hospitalized and supply reference for compilation of sign language textbooks.Methods Purposive sampling was used and semi-structured interviews were conducted.Six deaf participants who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were interviewed.It lased for 20 to 40 minutes for each interview.Interviews were recorded digitally and then transcribed and validated.Transcripts were analyzed using a method of thematic analysis.Results Three themes were identified,i.e.needs for sign language interpreters,needs for information and knowledge.and needs for psychosocial and emotional support.Needs for sign language interpreters meant that doctors and nurses were able to communicate with them using simple sign language instead of terminology.The required information and knowledge covered three aspects,i.e.health condition,pharmaceutical therapy,and self-care activity.Conclusions There may exist serious communicative barriers for deaf people during their health consultation in the outpatient department or when being hospitalized.There is a need for healthcare professionals who are competent in sign language to establish the health delivery environment with minimal barriers.

Objective To study the relationship between hepatic arterial buffer response (HABR),recovery of liver function,early biliary complications and small-for-size syndrome (SFSS).Methods Early hepatic hemodynamic parameters (including hepatic arterial flow (HAF),portal venous flow (PVF) were measured using duplex Doppler sonography in 34 patients who received living donor liver transplantation (preoperatively n＝26,intraoperatively n=26) and on postoperative days 1,2,3,and 7.Alanine aminotransferase (ALT),aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and total bilirubin (TBIL) level were measured preoperatively and on postoperative days 1,2,3,7,14,21,and 28.If TBIL level was elevated,we used B ultrasonography or CT and even ERCP to diagnose early biliary complications.The days taken for AST,AI T and TBIL to recover and the number of patients with early (＜60 days) biliary complications (bile leakage or bile stricture) and with small-for-size syndrome (SFSS) were recorded.Results Passive hepatic artery buffer response (HABR) was present in 11 patients early after living donor liver transplantation (group 1) and it disappeared in 23 patients (group 2).The recovery in days taken for normalization of AST (10.6± 8.8),AIT (11.6±9.0) and TBlL (average of 29) in group 1 were shorter than in group 2.However,the differences did not reach statistics difference (P＞0.05).The overall incidences of early biliary complications and small-for-size syndrome (SFSS) in group 1 were significantly lower than in group 2 (P=0.04).The survival rate in group 1 was 82 ％,compared with 74 ％ in group 2.Conclusions Passive hepatic arterial buffer response (HABR) disappeared in some patients early after living donor liver transplantation.There were high incidences of early biliary complications and small-for-size syndrome (SFSS) in these patients.Measurcment of hepatic buffer response in the early stage after living donor liver tranaplanta tion is valuable for predition of early biliary complications and small-for-size syndrome (SFSS),thus helping to prevent failure in transplantation.

Objective To investigate and compare the dynamic changes of plasma endotoxin and CD14/TLR4 levels in the portal vein following partial liver transplantation in rats. Methods 100 %(group Ⅰ), 50 % (group Ⅱ) and 30 % (group Ⅲ) orthotopic liver transplantation models in the SD rats→SD rats were established in vivo according to "Kamada two-cuff method". Based on the principle of dynamic turbidity law, the plasma endotoxin (EU/ml) levels were determined at the postoperative time points of 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 h in recipients. The mRNA expression levels of CD14 and TLR4 in liver grafts were detected by using real-time RT-PCR. Results Under the condition of no significant difference in surgical factors, the plasma endotoxin levels in the portal vein of groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were higher than in group Ⅰ , and reached the peak at the first h postoperation. The endotoxin levels in group Ⅱ were lower than in group Ⅲ. The endotoxin levels in sham-operation group were the highest. The mRNA expression levels of CD14 and TLR4 in groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly increased as compared with sham-operation group (P＜0. 01). Conclusion There exists portal vein plasma endotoxima in 100 %, 50 % and 30 % orthotopic liver transplantation in the rats. The smaller the graft volume, the higher and longer plasma endotoxin in portal vein, so is the relative quantification of the TLR4 and CD14 mRNA in liver grafts.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of polymyxin B (PMB) to the liver graft after liver transplantation and the underlying mechanism in rats.Methods Male SD rats were selected as the donors and recipients.Non-artery whole liver transplantation model was established in rats according to Kamada's two-cuff method.The rats were divided into two groups by the way of random number table method:control group (normal saline,0.5 ml) and PMB group (PMB,1 mg/ml,0.4 mg/kg+ normal saline 0.5 ml).The levels of portal vein plasma endtotoxin (EU/ml)were determined by endotoxin-analyzing machine of BET-24A. ALT,BUN,and TNF-α,IL-6 in serum were measured by using machine of Automatic Analyzer and ELISA,respectively.The CD14,TLR4,NFκB and AP-1 in the grafts were measured by RT-PCR and Western blotting,and pathological changes were observed. Results PMB decreased the levels of portal vein plasma endotoxin 1 h after reperfusion in PMB group as compared with control group (P＜0.05),and the levels of portal vein plasma endotoxin returned to the normal levels 6 h after reperfusion in both two groups (P＞0.05).After operation,the levels of ALT,TNFα and IL-6 in serum were significantly reduced (P＜0.05),the expression of CD14 and TLR4 mRNA in the grafts was significantly decreased (P＜0.05),the expression of Hsp60 protein and mRNA,and NF-κB and AP1 proteins in the grafts were reduced (P＜0.05),and the pathological damage to the grafts was significantly alleviated in PMB group as compared with control group.Conclusion PMB reduced the levels of portal vein plasma endotoxin after reperfusion in liver transplantation in rats.PMB improved liver function,reduced the injury of inflammatory response,decreased the levels of endotoxin signal pathway markers and alleviated the pathological damage to the grafts.

Objective This study aimed to explore issues about dysandia female during pregnancy,peripartum and contraception and to supply reference for their reproductive health improvement. Methods Purposive sampling strategy was used. With the aid of an interview guide, 12 dysaudia women who met inclu-sion and exclusion criteria were invited to be interviewed. Interviews were recorded, validated and then ana-lyzed. Results Four themes were generated, limited knowledge, passive information acquisition, total depen-dence on family and reluctant to talk about contraception. Total dependence on family was noticeable during pregnancy and peripartum. Though little was known about health protection related to pregnancy, peripartum and contraception, participants were passive at seeking for relevant information. Conclusions Deaf women may experience more threats to reproductive health in relation to pregnancy, peripartum and contraception that they require more guidance and assistance.

Ophthalmic imaging examination is the main basis for early screening, evaluation and diagnosis of eye diseases. In recent years, with the improvement of computer data analysis ability, the deepening of new algorithm research and the popularization of big data platform, artificial intelligence (AI) technology has developed rapidly and become a hot topic in the field of medical assistant diagnosis. The advantage of AI is accurate and efficient, which has great application value in processing image-related data. The application of AI not only helps to promote the development of AI research in ophthalmology, but also helps to establish a new medical service model for ophthalmic diagnosis and promote the process of prevention and treatment of blindness. Future research of ophthalmic AI should use multi-modal imaging data comprehensively to diagnose complex eye diseases, integrate standardized and high-quality data resources, and improve the performance of algorithms.