Objective: To investigate pharmacokinetics of propofol during anhepatic period of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in children. Methods: In 5 children undergoing OLT, 2 mg/kg propofol was injected intravenously at the beginning of induction and anhepatic periods respectively. The plasma concentration of propofol was measured by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography(RP-HPLC), and the pharmacokinetics character of propofol between anhepatic and inducing periods were compared. Results: Propofol had wide distribution and high clearance, and its plasma concentration-time curves were fitted to a three-compartment open model. Conclusion: There is no difference of propofol metabolism between anhepatic and inducing periods, suggesting that there must be notable extra-hepatic metabolism when propofol used in children undergoing OLT.

Objective To study the sensitivity and specifity for detection of bladder tumor by Narrow-band imaging flexible cystoscopy compared with WLI flexible systoscopy. Methods Between February 2009 and July 2009, NBI flexible cystoscopy and conventional WLI flexible cystoscopy with the same instrument (Olympus Exera Ⅱ endoscopy system) were both performed on 31 patients highly suspect of bladder neoplasm with same observed time and in a randomized sequenced paradigm. Every suspect mucosa lesion was biopsied in both NBI and WLI image to compare the diagnostic accuracy between them. Results Twenty-eight patients(90%) were pathologically bladder urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC). Of 28 patients 3 were Tis, 15 were Ta, 7 were T1, and 3 were T2. Twenty were low grade carcinom, 8 were high grade carcinoma and 16 had multiple tumors, 12 had a single tumor.Of 73 biopsied lesions, 61 were diagnosed UCC under WLI image with 84% sensitivity, while 80 of 91 diagnosed under NBI image with 88% sensitivity. WLI detected 23 patients with bladder UCC while NBI detected all 28 patients. NBI detected 19 additional UCC lesions in 15 of 28 patients, as compared with WLI(P＜0. 05). Conclusion NBI flexible cystoscopy can detect more bladder urothelial cell carcinoma than WLI flexible cystoscopy.

Objective To investigate current status of use of oral hypoglycemic drugs and insulin among adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in urban community of Beijing.Methods In total,3297 T2DM patients aged more than 20 years from 15 urban communities of Beijing were studied.Their body weight,height,fasting plasma glucose level and glycosylated hemoglobin Alc (HbAlc) were measured.A door-to-door questionnaire survey on use of oral hypoglycemic drugs and insulin was conducted for them.All the T2DM patients surveyed were divided into four groups based on their received intervention.Results ①Of 3279 T2DM patients,454 (13.8％) received lifestyle intervention,971 (29.5％) used only one oral hypoglycemic drug,1179 (35.7％) with combined oral hypoglycemic drugs,and 693(21.0％) with insulin.②There was significant difference in average HbAlc among the four groups of T2DM patients with lifestyle intervention,only one oral hypoglycemic drug,combined oral hypoglycemic drugs,and insulin,with HbAI c of (7.0 ± 1.9) ％,(7.1 ± 1.5) ％,(7.4 ± 1.5 ) ％,and (7.5 ± 1.5 ) ％for them,respectively ( F =15.1,P ＜ 0.01 ).Proportions of the T2DM patients with HbAlc equal to or higher than 7.0％ were 32.2％,39.4％,52.1％ and 59.5％ for the four groups,respectively ( x2 =117.7,P ＜ 0.01 ).③In the T2DM patients with lifestyle intervention,32.2％ (146/454) of them with HbA1 c equal to or higher than 7.0％ were untreated with any oral hypoglycemic drug.In those with only one oral hypoglycemic drug,39.4％ (383/971) of them with HbAlc equal to or higher than 7.0％ were not treated with combined oral hypoglycemic drugs and/or insulin.In those with combined oral hypoglycemic drugs,52.1％ (614/1079) of them with HbAlc equal to or higher than 7.0％ were not received combined insulin treatment.④ Fasting plasma glucose level,treatment strategies,postprandial 2-h blood glucose level and length of the illness were independent risk factors for HbAlc level equal to or higher than 7.0％,with odds ratio (OR) of 1.757,1.256,1.175 and 1.031,respectively.⑤ In 2843 T2DM patients with oral hypoglycemie drugs and/or insulin treatment,1494 (52.6％ ) received biguanides and 693 received (24.4％ )insulin,respectively.Conclusions More than half of adult patients with T2DM do not meet the target of glycemic control of HbAlc less than 7.0％ in urban communities of Beijing,due to not active use of oral hypoglycemic drugs,and not timely adoption of combined use of oral hypoglycemic drugs and insulin therapy.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of dyslipidemia in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Beijing urban communities.Methods Total 3316 subjects with type 2 diabetes (age 20-80 years) were recruited from 15 urban community health centers in Beijing using a multi-stage random sampling approach.Dyslipidemia was diagnosed according to Chinese Guidelines on Prevention and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Adults:2007 version.Results Among 3316 diabetic subjects (1329 malesand 1987 females),75.6％ (2506/3316) had dyslipidemia,the prevalence was 72.5％ (964/1329)in men and 77.6％ (1542/1987) in women.The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia was 41.9％ (1388/3316) and 48.1％ (1595/3316),respectively.31.5％ (1043/3316) subjects had high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and 21.2％ (703/3316) had low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C).Among all subjects with dyslipidemia only 22.9％ (575/2506) took hypolipid agents.The overall blood lipid control rates of triglyceride (TG),total cholesterol (TC),LDL-C and HDL-C in 1393 subjects with dyslipidemia history were 48.0％ (669/1393),17.4％ (242/1393),30.9％ (430/1393) and 75.8％ (1056/1393),respectively.Diabetics with dyslipidemia had higher body mass index,waist circumference,blood pressure,plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c.The prevalence of dyslipidemia in the overweight and uncontrolled-glucose group were 79.0％ (1678/2125),78.9％ (1756/2227),respectively.Logistic regression analysis showed that gender,age,body mass index and hemoglobin A1c were associated with dyslipidemia.Conclusions The prevalence of dyslipidemia in diabetic subjects in Beijing urban communities is high and less than one quarter patients take hypolipid agents.Age,body mass index and hemoglobin A1c are the risk factors of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients.