The article describes the development of new magnetic bead separation and purification instrument. The main application of the instrument is to capture tubercle bacillus from sputum. It is a pretreatment instrument and provides a new platform to help doctors to diagnose bacillary phthisis. Not only could it be used for tubercle bacillus capturing, but also for gene, protein and cell separating and purification. Because the controller of the instrument is 16-bit single chip microcomputer, the cost could be greatly reduced and it will be widely used in China.
Cell Separation ; instrumentation ; Equipment Design ; Magnetics

Objective To investigate the effect of slow-acting antirheumatic drugs on lipid profile and disease activity index in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods Eighty-two patients with RA who met the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria were treated with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs including methopterin (MTX), salazosulfapyridine (SASP) and hydroxychloroquine sulfate, while seventy-nine healthy volunteers were used for control. All persons were followed up for 12 months. The observations included 28 joint indices score (DAS-28), lipid profile, c-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Results Compared with the control group before treatment, RA patients exhibited higher serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides. Whereas, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly lower. After 12 months treatment, the disease activity index[(6.7±0.6)vs. (2.1±0.9)], ESR [(62±18)mm/h vs. (13±9)mm/h] and CRP [(2.2±0.3 ) mg/L vs. (0. 3±0.2 ) mg/L, all P<0.01] were significantly decreased and HDL-C [1.0±0. 1)mmol/L vs. (1.5±0. 3)mmol/L, P<0. 01] was increased in RA patients. Conclusions RA patients are characterized by an atherogenic lipid profile, which are improved after therapy. Immuno-intervention to control disease activity may reduce the risks for the atherosclerotic process and cardiovascular events in RA patients.

Objective To improve scientific research capacity and disciplines development,we performed grading system to specialize and quantize the management in Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital,Capital Medical University.Methods With assistance of forum survey related to 20 clinical and technical departments in hospital,we assessed the status of disciplines development,designed assessment criteria,and revised relevant regulations in grading system.Results The implementation of grading system promoted scientific achievements,academic communications and human resource development in hospital as relative to their pre-implemental controls.Conclusions The implementation of grading system facilitates scientific research and improves disciplines development.

Objective To investigate the effects of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA)intravenous thrombolysis on blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability,the expressions and the activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 after cerebral ischemia in rats.Methods A total of 40 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated into 3 groups:Sham operation group (n =10),middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) group (n =18),and rt-PA thrombolysis group (n =18).A MCAO model was established by using autologous thromboembolism.The sham operation group did not inject any thromboembolus,the MCAO group only made MCAO,and the rt-PA thrombolysis group received intravenous thrombolysis with rt-PA at 3 hours after MCAO.Brain infarct volume was determined by 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining BBB permeability was measured by Evans blue dye leakage.The activities and the expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in brain tissue were detected by Gelatin zymography and Western blot,respectively.Results Compared to the MCAO group,the neurological function was improved significantly in the rt-PA thrombolysis group,and the infarct volume was also reduced significantly (t =7.365,P =0.005).However,the hemorrhage score (t =-3.286,P =0.017) and BBB permeability (t =-3.947,P =0.029) were increased significantly.The activities and the expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the sham operation group were lower.The activities and the expressions of MMP-2 (t =-45.121,P =0.000; t =-11.624,P=0.000) and MMP-9 (t=-71.849,P=0.000; t=-8.992,P=0.000) in the MCAO group were increased and upregulated significantly.Compared to the MCAO group,the activities and the expressions of MMP-2 (t =-28.792,P =0.000; t =-3.809,P =0.013) and MMP-9 (t =-53.506,P =0.000; t =-2.640,P =0.046) in the rt-PA thrombolysis group were increased and upregulated significantly.Conclusions After rt-PA intravenous thrombolytic therapy,the BBB permeability was increased.The activities and the expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were increased and upregulated.MMP-2 and MMP-9 might participate in the increased BBB permeability,and thus inducing hemorrhagic transformation after rt-PA intravenous thrombolytic therapy in rats with cerebral ischemia.

Objective To determine the in vitro antibacterial activity of levornidazole against 375 anaerobic isolates.Methods Agar dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs)of levornidazole,3 comparators (metronidazole,ornidazole and dextrornidazole)against 375 anaerobic isolates.Results For anaerobic gram-negative and gram-positive bacilli,and anaerobic gram-positive cocci,levornidazole displayed activity similar to or slightly higher than that of met-ronidazole,ornidazole and dextrornidazole.Levornidazole showed good activity against B.fragilis,Bacteroides thetaiotaomi-cron ,Clostridium difficile ,Clostridium perfringens ,and Peptostreptococcus magnus .The MIC90 value of levornidazole a-gainst the above-mentioned anaerobes was 0.5,1,0.25,2 and 1 mg/L,respectively.However,levornidazole and the compa-rators had poor antibacterial activity against Veillonella spp.among anaerobic gram-negative cocci.Conclusions The in vitro anti-anaerobic activity of levornidazole is similar to or slightly higher than that of metronidazole, ornidazole and dex-trornidazole.Levornidazole has good activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive anaerobic bacilli,and gram-positive anaerobic cocci,suggesting its promising clinical use.

Objective To establish and validate a modified rat thromboembolic stroke model.Methods After taking femoral arterial blood and mixing it with thrombin,they were injected into PE-50 catheter for preparing in vitro thrombosis in 60 Sprague-Dawley rats.A thromboembolic cerebral ischemia model induced by catheterization of the right external carotid artery and the small blood clot emboli were injected into the internal carotid arteries.Thirty rats were randomly divided into a large number of emboli group (n =10 with 12 emboli),a median number of emboli group (n =10 with 10 emboli) and a small number of emboli group (n =10 with 8 emboli).Two hours after embolus injection,the neurological deficit score was performed and the success rate of the model was compared in all groups.Twenty-four hours after embolus injection,the rats were sacrificed and the brains were removed for 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining.The hemorrhage,infarct volume,bleeding incidence and mortality after cerebral infarction were evaluated.The high success rates of the modeling in the emboli groups were selected and they were randomly divided into either a normal saline group (n =12) or a recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rtPA) group (n =12).The rats were given normal saline and rtPA at 3 hours after embolus injection.Before embolus injection and 2,6,12 and 24 hours after embolus injection,the neurological scores were performed respectively; 24 hours after embolus injection,the rats were sacrificed and the brains were removed for 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining.The hemorrhage rate,infarction size,degree of cerebral edema,and blood-brain barrier permeability were evaluated.Results Only 40％ of rats had neurological deficits in the small number of emboli group,and the infarct volume was only 10.54 ± 2.82％.The success rates in the median and large number of emboli groups were 80％ and 100％ respectively.They were all significantly higher than those in the small number of emboli group (P =0.011 ).The infarct volume was also significantly greater than that in the small number of emboli group (F =40.897,P =0.000).After administration of rtPA,the mean survival time of the rats in the large number of emboli group was less than 24 hours,so the median number of emboli group was selected to study the thrombolytic effect of rtPA.The infarct volume and neurological function score in the rtPA group were improved significantly compared to the normal saline group (t =7.728,P =0.000),while there were no significant differences in the hemorrhage rate,degree of brain edema and blood-brain barrier permeability between the 2 groups.Conclusions The stability and reproducibility were good in the modified thromboembolic cerebral ischemia model injected with 10 emboli,the neurological function was improved significantly after thrombolysis,and it was applicable to the experimental study of pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia and thrombolytic therapy.

This paper introduced the framework and approach, explained the new categories, and elaborated the implementation of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (Children and Youth Version) (ICF-CY) in fields of rehabilitation for children with disabilities. The publishing and distribution of ICF-CY international Chinese version would be a big thing for the Chinese to implement ICF in related fields.

ObjectiveTo test the reliability of Gross Motor Function Classification System(GMFCS) among different raters.MethodsUsing the Chinese translation vision of the GMFCS,5 doctors(raters) determined the level of each cerebral palsy(CP) child(aged 0～12) independently.After finishing classification of all the 23 CP children's level,the reasons of disparities among raters were discussed and analyzed,and the supplementary classification sentences were formulated.ResultsThere was no statistic significant difference in classifications among 5 raters,the GMFCS levels were correlated well with mobility and self-care domain scores in comprehensive function assessment,and higher degree of agreement could be achieved by referring to the supplementary classification sentences while classifying.ConclusionFor classifying the level of gross motor function of CP children,Chinese translation vision of the GMFCS has high degree of reliability.

ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of gemifloxacin tablet in healthy Chinese volunteers and to provide evidences for optimal clinical dosing.MethodsTwenty volunteers were enrolled in the randomized (1∶1) double-blind study,and divided into administration group and control group.Each group received multiple oral doses of 320 mg of gemifloxacin tablet or placebo.The plasma and urine samples for gemifloxacin were analyzed by igh-performance liquid chromatogram(HPLC)-fluorometricmethod. Theminimuminhibition concentrations (MIC)of gemifloxacin against190clinical isolateswere determinedby broth microdilution method.The fAUC0～24 h/MIC and fCmax/MIC,with target value of 25 and 5,were used as the indices to evaluate PK and PD characteristics of gemifloxacin. The cumulative fraction of response (CFR) of gemifloxacin against each bacterium and the probability of target attainment (PTA) under various MIC level were evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation following multiple administration at steady state.ResultsThe Cmax of gemifloxacin after once-daily oral doses for 7 days were (1.55 ±0.32) μg/mL and (1.57±0.31) μg/mL for the first and last dose,while the AUC0～24 h were (7.91±1.52) and (8.91±1.15) h · μg · mL-1,respectively.The accumulation factor was 1.13±0.05.The time-profile of gemifloxacin could be described using two-compartment model and the half-life of distribution and elimination phase were (0.64 ± 0.17) and (7.10 ± 2.10) h,respectively. The cumulative urinary excretion rates within 24 h of gemifloxacin were 34.83 ％ and 38.95 ％ for the first and the last dose,respectively.PD study showed that the MIC90 of gemifloxacin were 0.25 mg/L and 0.125 mg/L against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxelle catarrhalis,respectively,while the MIC90 was 2 mg/L against Hemophilus influenza. However,most of Klebsiella pneumoniae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were resistant to gemifloxacin ( MIC90 ＞ 32mg/L).The PTA values of fAUC0～24 h/MIC and fCmax/MIC of gemifloxacin 320 mg daily for 7 days were close to 100％ when MIC was ≤0.06 mg/L.ConclusionsGemifloxacin is rapidly absorbed after oral administration of single doses in healthy Chinese volunteers,and the plasma concentration could reach steady state at the third day,while a minimal accumulation is shown after consecutive 7 days dosing.The PK/PD analysis suggests that the favorable clinical and bacteriological efficacy could be obtained when using thisregimen in treatment of sensitive patients with community-acquired pneumonia and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of levofloxacin 750 mg for 5 days versus 500 mg for 7‐14 days intravenous (IV ) infusion in the treatment of community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP ) . Methods This study was a multi‐center , randomized , open‐label , non‐inferiority , controlled clinical trial .The CAP patients were randomized to receive levofloxacin 750 mg IV daily for 5 days or levofloxacin 500 mg IV daily for 7‐14 days .The clinical symptoms , laboratory tests , imaging results and microbiology data were collected and compared between the two treatment groups in terms of efficacy and safety .Results A total of 241 patients were enrolled in this clinical trial from 10 study centers .Among these patients ,223 were eligible for full analysis set (FAS) analysis ,including 111 in 750 mg group and 112 in 500 mg group .Of the 223 patients in FAS ,211 were eligible for per‐protocol set (PPS) analysis ,including 107 in 750 mg group and 104 in 500 mg group .Two hundred and forty‐one patients were included in safety set (SS) ,including 121 patients in 750 mg group and 120 in 500 mg group .The median treatment duration was 5 .0 days in 750 mg and 9 .0 days in 500 mg group .The median total dose was 3 750 mg in 750 mg group and 4 500 mg in 500 mg group .The overall efficacy rate was 86 .2% in 750 mg group and 84 .7% in 500 mg group in terms of FAS at visit 4 ,which suggested that the efficacy of 750 mg group was non‐inferior to 500 mg group .Of the 111 FAS patients in 750 mg group ,40 were bacteriological evaluable ,and 41 strains of pathogens were isolated .Forty‐nine of the 112 FAS patients in 500 mg group were bacteriological evaluable ,and 51 bacterial strains were obtained .The bacterial eradication rate was 100% in both groups .The clinical treatment efficacy rate for atypical pathogens was 100% in both groups .In 750 mg group ,the most common clinical adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were injection site adverse reactions including injection site pruritus ,pain and hyperemia .The other common ADRs were insomnia ,nausea ,skin rash .The most common drug‐related laboratory abnormalities were neutrophil percentage decreased , decreased white blood cell (WBC ) count , alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) elevation .Most of the ADRs were mild in severity and well‐tolerated .The safety profile of the two treatments was comparable in terms of the drug‐related treatment discontinuation and the incidence of ADRs .Conclusions The short‐course regimen of levofloxacin 750 mg IV for 5 days is at least as effective and well tolerated as the long‐course regimen of 500 mg IV for 7‐14 days in treatment of CAP .