OBJECTIVETo investigate a method of designing an accurate and scientific shade guide, especially used for judging the effect of tooth whitening, by analyzing the colorimetric values of discolored teeth statistically.

METHODSOne hundred thirty-six pictures of patients who had been receiving the Beyond cold light whitening treatment from February 2009 to July 2014 were analyzed, including 25 tetracycline teeth, 61 mottled-enamel teeth, and 50 yellow teeth. The colorimetric values of discolored teeth were measured. The L* values of shade tabs were calculated by hierarchical clustering of those of discolored teeth. The a* and b* values of shade tabs were the mean of those observed for discolored teeth. Accordingly, different shade guides were designed for each type of discolored teeth, and the effects were evaluated.

RESULTSA statistically significant difference in colorimetric values was found among the three types of discolored teeth. Compared with the Vitapan Classical shade guide, the shade guides designed through the present method were more scientific and accurate in judging the effect of tooth whitening. Moreover, the arrangement of shade tabs was more logical, and the color difference between shade tabs and discolored teeth was smaller.

CONCLUSIONThe proposed designing method is theoretically feasible, although its clinical effect has yet to be proven.

Color ; Colorimetry ; Dental Enamel ; Fluorosis, Dental ; Humans ; Incisor ; Light ; Prosthesis Coloring ; Research ; Tooth Bleaching ; methods ; standards ; Tooth Discoloration

OBJECTIVETo analyze whether Vitapan Classical shade guide could be used to evaluate effectively the effect of tooth whitening.

METHODSA total of 67 patients underwent Beyond cold light tooth whitening between February 2009 and July 2014. The effect of treatment was evaluated by Vitapan Classical shade guide. The percentage of discolored teeth that could not be matched by the aforementioned shade guide was calculated. By contrast, the color difference between discolored teeth and corresponding shade tabs was calculated for discolored teeth that could be matched by the shade guide.

RESULTSApproximately 64% (16/25) of tetracycline teeth and 28% (17/61) of mottled-enamel teeth could not be matched using the Vitapan Classical shade guide, but yellow teeth were all matched, and the difference between any pair of teeth was statistically significant (P=0.000). For discolored teeth that could be matched, statistically significant difference was found in the ΔL*, Δb*, and ΔE between tetracycline and yellow teeth, as well as between tetracycline and mottled-enamel teeth. However, no statistically significant difference was found between mottled-enamel and yellow teeth. Moreover, no statistically significant difference was found in the Δa* among the three groups.

CONCLUSIONVitapan Classical shade guide could not be used to evaluate effectively the effect of tooth whitening, especially for tetracycline and mottled-enamel teeth. The evaluating method should be improved.

Color ; Humans ; Light ; Tooth ; Tooth Bleaching

Combined with the deficiencies of equipment management in hospital,the applications of the advantages are explored respectively,which refer to purchase order,inventory management and management of fixed assets,as well as accounting payable.It points out that the ERP system can optimize resources effectively and enhances the level of equipment management in hospital greatly.

BACKGROUND: Transmitting law of laser in biological tissues is hard to calculate by mathematical analysis or clinical monitoring. Therefore, numerical simulation is commonly used for its prediction. Monte Carlo simulation is an ideal method for this study. OBJECTIVE: To establish a light dose mathematical model by Monte Carlo method, and to explore the damage of laser to liver tissues.METHODS: Light dose mathematical models of normal tissues and tumor with varied optical parameters were established by Monte Carlo method, and the migration trajectory of ponderosus photons was calculated one by one, and the distribution of photon was analyzed.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The decay of photo dose with depth was approximately exponential, and the second peak value will be formed at the verge of the organization. The damage of organization was a process of the threshold value. The dose curved shape was the same as the line of threshold. Using Monte Carlo method, the ransmitting law of laser in tissues of liver tumor was obtained. The results demonstrated that optimal ration of illumination intensity can obtain a shallow but entirely selective depth of tumor necrosis, but to obtain deeper tumor necrosis necessarily means some degree of normal tissue damage.

Objective To identify the changes of mesenteric lymph fluid in cases of uncontrolled hemor-rhagic shock (UHS), which is most often occurred in modem trauma and battle injury. The lymph of gut plays an important role during shock and MODS. The objective of this experiment is to identify the change of mesenteric lymph fluid in UHS. Method Thirty-eight SD rats were canulated with PE 50 catheters separately into right carotid artery,left femoral artery and femoral vein. A serf-made steel catheter was inserted into main mesenteric lymph duct and the mesenteric lymph fluid was collected. The rots were divided into three groups: control group (n=10), controlled hemorrhagic shock (CHS) group (n=10) and UHS group (n=10). After the mean blood pressure was dropped to 40 mmHg by exsanguination, hemorrhage was made by amputation of 75% tail in length and let the stump keep open to bleed. The volume of mesenteric lymph fluid was recorded, and the protein and endotoxin in it were examined, too. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Chi-square test. Results The mesenteric lymph fluid was decreasing remarkably during shock until it was below 1/4 of normal. After hemorrhage was controlled, the mesentefic lymph fluid increased slowly. However, it kept decreasing persistently in cases of UHS. So did the protein content. The eudotoxin in lymph fluid increased 2 hours after CHS and one hour after UHS. There was significant difference in endotoxin between CHS and UHS 2 hours after shock (P<0.05). Con-dusions The volume and protein content of mesenteric lymph fluid decreased mare significantly in UHS than that in CHS. And contrarily, the endotoxin in lymph fluid increased more significantly in UHS than that in CHS. The change of the mesenteric lymph fluid may be an important cause of MODS after UHS.

Objective To study the early resuscitation with intravenous administration of liquor in uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock model by four-staged abdominal aorta injury in rats in order to settle the controversy over the issue of volume resuscitation.Method Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were canulated with catheters into the left ventricle,femoral artery and femoral vein,respectively.Animals were subjected to vaseular injury of infrarenal pierced with a 25G needle leading to uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock.After aorta injury,the models were processed into 4 stages:early injured stage,early rescue stage,delayed rescue stage and observation stage.The rescue with rapid infusion of 45 ml/kg lactated Ringer's solution in 15 minutes in the early stage and the followed rescue in the late stage;and(4)sham-rescued.The MAP,CVP,lactic acid and Hct were monitored.The volume of blood loss and the survival time of rats were recorded too.Results After aorta injury,The MAP dropped from 94.3 mmHg to 25.8 mmHg and rised quickly after early resuscitation with rapid infusion of liquor and then again fell soon,and CVP did likewise.Lactic acid was increased and reached 3-4 times of baseline at 4 h in all group except Sham-resuced group.The Hct levels decreased quickly after resuscitation with liquor in early rescue stage and delayed rescue stage.The blood loss in abdomen increased after rapid infusion of lactated Ringer's solution in early rescue stage(blood loss increased from 22.8 ml/kg to 27.7ml/kg,P＜0.05).There Was no significant difference in mortality between those groups.Conclusions Rapid volume resuscitation at early stage of abdominal aorta injured with uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock cannot increase the circulatory blood volume for maintaining stable blood pressure norminimize the elevation of blood lactic acid.On the contrary,resuscitation with rapid administration of liquor at early stage can enhance blood loss and decrease the level of Hct.The survival time and survival rate can't be increased by early rescue with rapid liquor infusion.

20/min,PaCO2 12?109 or 0.10.26 patients with sepsis infected by Gram negative bacilli were categorized as G-group,15 infected by Gram positive coccus as G+ group and 15 healthy persons as control group.All the cases were proved to have infection by body fluid examination under microscope or bacterial culture.The level of flagellin was determined by ELISA.The peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC)were isolated by the density gradient centrifugation,and total RNA of PBMCs was extracted by RNA BIOzol extract.The level of TLR5 mRNA in the peripheral blood was detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR.The statistic significance among groups was examined by Students' t test.Results Plasma flagellin levels were below the detection limit of the ELISA kit in both G+ and control groups,while the mean level of plasma flagellin amounted to 6.636?5.147ng/ml in G-group.TLR5 mRNA expression in G-group was significantly higher than that in G+ and control groups,and no significant difference was found between G+ group and control group.Conclusion Flagellin may be involved in the development of ALI through interacts with TLR5.

Objective Protein chip for mucin detection was prepared to detect the serum levels of mucin1(MUC1),mucin2(MUC2)and micin5ac(MUC5AC)of colorectal cancer patients,and to discuss the relationship between colorectal cancer and the expression of MUC1,MUC2 and MUC5AC in serum.Methods The protein chip was prepared with monoclone and polyclone antibodies for the measuement of the serum levels of MUC1,MUC2 and MUC5AC in 30 patients with colorectal cancer and 30 healthy adults as control,using the method of immuno-fluorescence.Results The serum levels of mucin and CEA in colorectal cancer group were higher than that in control group.The differences were significant between the two groups concerning MUC1(5.25?2.37 vs 3.65?1.82U/ml,P0.05).The positive expression of mucin was related with the cancer differentiation.The positive expression of MUC1 and MUC5AC was higher when cancer differentiation was low as compared with high and median differentiation,but the positive expression of MUC2 was higher in high and middle cancer differentiation.When the serum level of mucin was used as an indicator for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer,the sensibility and specificity were both higher.The sensibility and specificity of MUC1 were 82.1% and 78.1%,respectively,while of combined mucins(at least 2 in 3 mucins were positive)were 96.2% and 85.3%,respectively.Conclusion The application of protein chip for mucin detection on the measurement of serum levels of MUC1,MUC2 and MUC5AC is of higher sensibility and specificity in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer.The establishment of protein chip has provided a new approach to early diagnosis of colorectal cancer,and help estimate the prognosis.

To investigate the role of endothelial cell derived cytokines in sepsis induced liver and lung injury. Sepsis was induced in mice by cecal ligation and puncture(CLP). Sham operation group underwent the same manipulation but without CLP. The gene expressions of pro inflammatory cytokines (TNF?, IL 1? and IL 6) in pulmonary and hepatic microvascular endothelial cells were assessed by RT PCR. The results showed that TNF? and IL 1? mRNA levels markedly increased at 3h after CLP in both pulmonary and hepatic microvascular endothelial cells. Though at 12h after CLP both of them declined, the levels were still higher than those in sham group. IL 6 mRNA expression also increased significantly at 3h after CLP in both pulmonary and hepatic microvascular endothelial cells. At 12h after CLP, the expression of IL 6 mRNA in hepatic microvascular endothelial cells remained at a high level, while the level in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells became higher. It suggested that endothelium is an important source of pro inflammatory cytokines in the liver and lung tissues during sepsis.

Objective To explore the effect of adjunct intraperitoneal resuscitation (IR) on bioactivity of mesenteric lymph in hemorrhagic shock (HS) rats. Method The rat model of HS was reproduced by bleeding the rats from femoral artery. The rats were resuscitated by conventional resuscitation (CR) or CR plus adjunct IR 60 minutes after HS or sham shock (SS).The rats were then divided into six groups as follows:SS group (n=4),SS+CR group (n=4),SS+CR+IR group (n=4),HS group (n=4),HS+CR group (n=5) and HS+CR+IR group (n=5). The mean arterial pressure (MAP) of rats in HS group was maintained at 40mmHg without resuscitation. The rats in SS group underwent only artery cannulation without blood letting for pressure monitoring. The rats were resuscitated with Ringer's lactate (80ml/kg) in CR. When treated with IR,each rat was given peritoneal injection of 20ml peritoneal dialysis solution after CR. Two hours after resuscitation,mesenteric lymph was collected by laparotomy for the measurement of neutrophil respiratory burst activity after being incubated with lymph. At the end of experiment,rats were sacrificed,the intestinal tissues were collected and the ileum mucosal injury was evaluated by light microscopy. Results The bioactivity of lymph of HS group was significantly higher than that of SS group. Compared with CR,CR+IR could inhibit shock lymph-mediated respiratory burst of neutrophils and attenuate the bioactivity of shock lymph significantly (P