OBJECTIVE To analyze the risk factors contributing to piracetam-associated thrombocytopenia and develop a predictive model for risk prediction. METHODS The electronic medical record information of inpatients treated with piracetam was collected retrospectively from the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from January 2021 to December 2023， including gender， age， underlying diseases， combined medication， and laboratory data， etc. Patients were divided into the occurrence group and the non-occurrence group according to whether thrombocytopenia occurred， and the differences in clinical data between the two groups were compared. The independent risk factors were determined through univariate/multivariate Logistic regression analysis. A nomogram was drawn to visually present the independent risk factors， and a risk prediction model was constructed. The predictive efficacy of the model was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curve， Bootstrap internal validation and calibration curve. RESULTS A total of 224 patients were included， among which 196 cases were in the non- occurrence group and 28 cases in the occurrence group. The incidence of thrombocytopenia was 12.50%. The results of the univariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the proportion of patients using three or more combined antibiotics and the level of serum creatinine in the occurrence group were significantly higher than those in the non-occurrence group， while the level of hemoglobin was significantly lower （P＜0.05）. The results of the multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that the use of three or more combined antibiotics， low hemoglobin level and high serum creatinine level were independent risk factors for piracetam-associated thrombocytopenia （P＜0.05）. The constructed risk prediction model was LogitP＝ －1.114+1.256×three or more combined antibiotics－0.017×hemoglobin level+0.009×serum creatinine level. The AUC of the ROC curve of this model was 0.757， and the optimal cut-off value was 0.474； the AUC of the ROC curve of the Bootstrap internal validation was 0.733； the apparent curve and the bias-corrected curve were close to the ideal curve. CONCLUSIONS The use of three or more antibiotics， along with low hemoglobin level and high serum creatinine level， are identified as independent risk factors for piracetam-associated thrombocytopenia. The developed risk prediction model demonstrates good predictive value.

The focus of green analytical chemistry (GAC) is to minimize the negative impacts of analytical procedures on human safety, human health, and the environment. Several factors, such as the reagents used, sample collection, sample processing, instruments, energy consumed, and the quantities of hazardous materials and waste generated during analytical procedures, need to be considered in the evaluation of the greenness of analytical assays. In this study, we propose a greenness evaluation metric for analytical methods (GEMAM). The new greenness metric is simple, flexible, and comprehensive. The evaluation criteria are based on both the 12 principles of GAC (SIGNIFICANCE) and the 10 factors of sample preparation, and the results are presented on a 0-10 scale. The GEMAM calculation process is easy to perform, and its results are easy to interpret. The output of GEMAM is a pictogram that can provide both qualitative and quantitative information based on color and number.

Green analytical chemistry (GAC) focuses on mitigating the adverse effects of analytical activities on human safety, human health, and environment. In addition to the 12 principles of GAC, proper GAC tools should be developed and employed to assess the greenness of different analytical assays. The 15 widely used GAC metrics, i.e., national environmental methods index (NEMI), advanced NEMI, assessment of green profile (AGP), chloroform-oriented toxicity estimation scale (ChlorTox Scale), Analytical Eco-Scale, Green Certificate Modified Eco-Scale, analytical method greenness score (AMGS), green analytical procedure index (GAPI), ComplexGAPI, red-green-blue (RGB) additive color model, RGB 12 algorithm, analytical greenness calculator (AGREE), AGREE preparation (AGREEprep), HEXAGON, and blue applicability grade index (BAGI), are selected as the typical tools. This article comprehensively presents and elucidates the principles, characteristics, merits, and demerits of 15 widely used GAC tools. This review is helpful for researchers to use the current GAC metrics to assess the environmental sustainability of analytical assays.

ObjectiveTo explore the risk factors of stroke， and to provide reference for the prevention and health management of stroke. MethodsFrom February 2022 to March 2022， four community residents over 60 years old with stroke in Shanghai were randomly selected as the case group （n=100）， and non-stroke residents were selected as the control group （n=100）. The survey was in the form of questionnaires to record and compare the age， body mass index （BMI）， blood lipids， blood pressure-related indicators， family history of other diseases， living habits， mood and sleep conditions of all subjects. The value of predicting the incidence of stroke among the elderly in Shanghai community was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic （ROC）， and the influencing factors of stroke were analyzed by logistic model. ResultsBMI， hypertension， heart disease， diabetes， transient ischemic attack （TIA）， dyslipidemia， family history of stroke， smoking， lack of exercise or only light physical labor， SBP， DBP， TG levels were significantly higher in the case group （P<0.05）. The level of HDL-C was significantly lower than that in the control group （P<0.05）. BMI， SBP， DBP， TG， HDL-C predicted the incidence of stroke by ROC analysis （P<0.05）. Logistic regression analysis showed that BMI≥23.820 kg·m^-2， heart disease， diabetes， TIA， dyslipidemia， family history of stroke， smoking， lack of exercise or only light physical labor， SBP≥139.535 mmHg， DBP≥89.605 mmHg， TG≥1.565 mmol·L^-1 and HDL-C≤1.105 mmol·L^-1 were risk factors for stroke （P<0.05）. ConclusionPhysical health status including blood lipids and blood pressure， family history of certain diseases， and living habits could be important risk factors for stroke in the elderly in Shanghai community. Preventive intervention measures for the above factors have important clinical significance.

The construction of nursing clinical teaching base in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) universities is an extremely important link in nursing education of TCM universities. Building a clinical base with high performance, high quality and high satisfaction has also become an important goal for the development of the nursing discipline of TCM universities. This article reviews and analyzes the current situation of the construction of the nursing clinical teaching base of TCM universities, aiming at providing ideas and plans for the construction of nursing clinical teaching base of TCM universities, so as to improve the quality of clinical teaching and the teaching level of the TCM nursing clinical teaching base.

Objective: To explore the improvement rate of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection who received entecavir alone or in combination with anluohuaxianwan for 78 weeks. Methods: Patients with chronic HBV infection were randomly treated with entecavir alone or in combination with anluohuaxian for 78 weeks. Ishak fibrosis score was used for blind interpretation of liver biopsy specimens. The improvement in liver fibrosis condition before and after the treatment was compared. Student's t test and non-parametric test (Mann-Whitney U-Test and Kruskal-Wallis test) were used to analyze the measurement data. The categorical variables were analyzed by Chi-square test method and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to test bivariate associations. Results: Liver fibrosis improvement rate after 78 weeks of treatment was 36.53% (80/219) and the progression rate was 23.29% (51/219). The improvement of liver fibrosis was associated to the degree of baseline fibrosis and treatment methods (P < 0.05). The improvement rate of hepatic fibrosis in patients treated with anluohuaxianwan combined with entecavir at baseline F < 3 (54.74%, 52/95) was significantly higher than that in patients treated only with entecavir (33.33%, 16/48), P = 0.016 and the progression rate of hepatic fibrosis (13.68%, 13/95) was lower than that in patients treated alone (18.75%, 9/48), P = 0.466. In patients with baseline F < 3, the proportion of patients with improved and stable liver fibrosis in the combined treatment group (68.1%, 32/47) was higher than that in the treatment group alone (51.7%, 15/29). Conclusion Combined anluohuaxianwan and entecavir treatment can significantly improve the improvement rate of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Furthermore, it has the tendency to improve the stability rate and reduce the rate of progression of liver fibrosis.

Background:Chronic atrophic gastritis(CAG)is a common disease of digestive system and is a precancerous lesion of the intestinal type gastric cancer. Serum pepsinogens(PGs)and gastrin 17(G17)are biological markers of gastric mucosal lesions,which have a prominent role in diagnosis of CAG and screening of early gastric cancer. Aims:To study the correlation of serum PGs and G17 with age in patients with CAG. Methods:A total of 582 CAG patients admitted from Jan. 2016 to Sep. 2017 at the Baoding First Central Hospital were enrolled. The levels of serum PGⅠ,PGⅡ and G17 were determined by ELISA,and the PGⅠ/ PGⅡ ratio(PGR)was calculated. The correlations of these indices with the clinical data of CAG patients were analyzed. Results:The levels of serum PGⅠ and PGⅡ were increased with age(P<0.01),and the levels of PGR and G17 were decreased with age(P <0.05). Spearman rank correlation coefficient analysis showed that the levels of PGⅠ and PGⅡ were positively correlated with age(rs=0.374,P<0.01;rs=0.559, P<0.01),and the levels of PGR and G17 were negatively correlated with age(rs= -0.649,P<0.01;rs= -0.141, P<0.05). Conclusions:The levels of serum PGⅠ,PGⅡand G17 in patients with CAG were correlated with age. When serum PGs and G17 are used as serological indicators for diagnosis of CAG and screening of early gastric cancer,the impact of age on these indices should be taken into account.

Objective To construct the competency model of excellent and common clinical medicine undergraduates according to the competency theory . Methods Literature search was used to screen competency model. Behavioral event interview was used to interview 32 excellent clinical experts. Open questionnaire survey was conducted to 100 clinical medical undergraduates. We compiled the primary competency dictionary based on the above results. To determine the final competency dictionary, Delphi method of 50 experts was used to determine the final competency dictionary. According to the competency dictionary, a questionnaire survey was made to test the excellent and ordinary undergraduate students. Results The 38 features of behavioral event interview and 42 features of open questionnaire survey were combined to 51 features, which were used as the first round of expert questionnaire. Two rounds of expert consultation reached a high degree of coordination. 4 first level indicators: knowledge and skills, social role+values+service characteristics, self-concept and consciousness, personality quality and motivation and 36 features were established as final compentency model. 80 excellent clinical medical undergraduates got score of 143.65 ±23.53, while 100 ordinary undergraduates got score of 133.55 ±35.31 (t=2.29,P=0.023), which indicated the competency model could distinguish excellent and ordinary clinical under-graduates . Conclusion This competency model of clinical undergraduate students is reliable and practical, which can be used in future clinical undergraduate training and evaluation.

Objective To evaluate the value of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography in assessment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatic fibrosis in rats.Methods Models with various degrees of NAFLD severity were conducted in 110 rats by feeding high fat emulsion.The right liver lobe of rat models were processed and embedded in a fabricated gelatin solution to measure the shear wave velocity (SWV) by ARFI.And the other liver lobes were used for histologic assessment.Based on NAFLD activity score (NAS),the final pathologic NAFLD diagnosis were considered as normal group (NAS=0),simple steatosis (SS) group (1≤NAS≤2),borderline (3≤NAS≤4) group and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) group (NAS≥5).The diagnostic accuracy of the SWV parameters in evaluating NAFLD severity and fibrosis stages was studied using ROC curves.Results The difference of SWV values among normal group,SS group,borderline group and NASH group was statistically significant (F=31.53,P＜0.001).Taking SWV≥ 2.54 m/s as the diagnostic standard to differentiate normal rats from rats with SS,and SWV≥2.90 m/s to differentiate SS from NASH in rats,the area under ROC curve (AUC) was 0.922 (95％CI [0.871,0.973],P＜0.001) and 0.882 (95％ CI [0.807,0.956],P＜0.001) respectively.The sensitivity and specificity were 93.5 ％ and 100 ％ for differentiating normal and SS groups,83.3 ％ and 84.2 ％ for differentiating SS and NASH groups.Taking SWV≥3.48 m/s as cutoff to predict fibrosis (≥F2 stage),the AUC was 0.963 (95％CI [0.909,1.000],P＜0.001),the sensitivity was 92.9％ and the specificity was 97.6％.Taking SWV≥3.61 m/s as cutoff to predict severe fibrosis (≥F3 stage),the AUC was 0.997 (95％CI [0.990,1.000],P＜0.001),sensitivity was 100％ and specificity was 98.9％.The same high validity was maintained as in the prediction of cirrhosis (F4 stage) with the cutoff as SWV≥4.50 m/s,and the AUC was 0.993 (95％CI [0.982,1.000],P＜0.001),the sensitivity was 100 ％ and the specificity was 96.8％.Conclusion ARFI elastography is a promising method for differentiating the different severity of NAFLD and staging the degree of hepatic fibrosis with NAFLD in rat models.

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis ( EAE ) is a classic animal model for multiple sclerosis . After more than 2 centuries of development , EAE can be established in mice , monkeys and rats ,etc.Some animals can be immunized by different immune antigens which have different features in sensibility and clinical characteristics .In this pa-per, we will review the development of EAE , discuss the characteristics of EAE models produced by immunization of differ-ent animals with different antigens .In summary, we explore the development of animal models of EAE .