Objective To evaluate the accuracy of enhanced CT scan in clinical staging of colorectal cance by detecting the general sit-uation and T and N staging through plain scan combined with enhanced CT scan.Methods Totally 49 cases of colorectal cancer patients were enrolled in this study from May 2015 to October 2015,and it showed no distant metastasis of colorectal cancer in clinical examination. Evaluated the general situation (location,size,and pathologic type)and T and N staging of colorectal cancer through plain scan and enhanced CT scan and multiplanar restructuring.Compared the imaging staging with pathological staging,and respectively calculated the sensitivity,spe-cific degree and accuracy of T and N staging.Evaluated the accuracy of T and N staging with the consistency test,and the differences were statistically significant with P <0.05.Results The location and pathological type of tumor detected by CT scan were compared with the re-sults of operation,and the coincidence rate was 100%.The maximum diameter of the tumor was (2.26 ±1.40)cm from CT image and (2.37 ±1.38)cm from operation measure,and the data were highly correlated (r =0.906,P =0.000).The coincidence rate of T staging was 65.3%,and the consistency was good (k =0.467,P =0.000).The coincidence rate of N staging was 63.3%,and the consistency was good (k =0.440,P =0.000).Conclusion Enhanced CT scan can provide sufficient information for the preoperative evaluation of colorectal cancer,and it has important clinical application value.

Objective To evaluate the clinical,pathological and imaging features of basal cell adenoma in the parotid. Methods The clinical,pathological and CT imaging data of 21 cases with parotid basal cell tumor confirmed by operation and pathology were retrospectively analyzed. Results All 21 patients(5 male,16 female ) had solitary BCA lesion,which located at the superficial lobe of parotid gland(n=17)and involved both the superficial and deep lobe(n=4). Twelve lesions were well-defined and cystic degeneration was displayed in 9 le-sions,3 lesions had punctate calcification at the edge of tumor. All lesions were significantly enhanced,the enhancement of BCA in the ve-nous phase was close to the arterial phase. Conclusion The CT features of BCA in parotid gland are characteristic,which is helpful to make qualitative diagnosis when in combination with clinical features.

Objective To investigate the predictive value of rectal aberrant crypt foci(ACF)for colorectal cancer(CRC)and progressive adenomas, and to analyze its risk factors.Methods IndependentSample T test, One-Way ANOVA and Chi-square test were used to analyze the mean number and incidence of rectal ACF.Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the predictive value of rectal ACF for progressive adenomas and CRC, and to identify the independent risk factors of ACF.Results Large number of ACF, i.e.more than 5, was a significant risk factor for CRC and progressive adenomas.Age and smoking were both risk factors of ACF, while aspirin was a protective factor.Conclusion ACF of more than 5 is predictive of CRC and progressive adenomas.For prevention of CRC, great importance must be attached to risk factors of ACF.

Objective To investigate the miss rate of adenoma with colonoscopy and assess the features and risk factors for missed diagnosis.Methods Patients with colorectal adenoma received a second colonoscopy within 120 days after adenoma was detected and removed on the initial colonoscopy.The findings of two colonoscopies were reviewed and analyzed.The features of adenoma (including size, location, shape, number and pathology) , clinical characteristics of patients (including age, sex, reasons of colonoscopy, history of diverticular disease, history of abdominal or pelvic surgery and colonoscopy with sedation) and endoscopists were recorded.Miss rate and features of different types of missed adenoma were analyzed.We also assessed the effects of adenoma features, patients' characteristics and endoscopists on missed diagnosis of adenoma.Results Adenoma missed diagnosis was found in 271 patients out of 809 recruited subjects (33% ).A total of 425 adenomas were missed out of 2134 (20% ) adenomas detected by repeated colonoscopy.A large diameter was associated with a decrease in the miss rate for adenoma (P < 0.01).Conversely , sessile or flat shape (P < 0.01) , locations at sigmoid, hepatic flexure, cecum and ascending colonic ( P < 0.05) were significantly associated with a higher miss rate of adenoma, as was the number of adenomas (P <0.01).A higher adenoma missed diagnosis rate was observed in beginner colonoscopists, as compared with experienced ones (P < 0.01).Conclusion A marked miss rate of adenoma exists on colonoscopy, which is significantly associated with the size, shape, location and number of adenomas and endoscopists.

OBJECTIVECombined the optical principle with automatic control technology and computer real-time image detection technology to develop a non-contact system for noninvasive esophageal varices pressure measurement.

METHODSThe system included the adjustable air pump, laser device, image collection and analysis program. The feasibility and accuracy of the system were verified by in vitro experiments.

RESULTSThe bionic vascular pressure measured by this system had good correlation and repeatability with the actual pressure.

CONCLUSIONSThis system is accurate, feasible and has good application prospects.

Objective To develop a novel method for treating complete heart block by autotransplantation of simus node node cells to right ventricular anterior wall.Methods Twenty healthy mongrel dogs were involved in the present study.The dogs were randomly assigned to transplant group or control group(n=10).The sinus node (SN)was harvested and isolated in vitro after an electronic pacemaker was implanted and complete heart bolck was introduced.The SN cells from dogs of transplant group were injected to autogenic right ventricular wall.Commensurable culture medium was implanted to ghe same position of dogs in control group.Two weeks later,detailed electropohysiological study was performed.For investigating the variation of the rhythm,epinephrine was administrated through femoral vein to dogs of transplant group.Results Most of isolated SN cells from dogs were thin-spindle shape,and cell activity was fine.The SNs by VG stained displayed typical structural feature.2 weeks after cell autotransplantation,higher heart rates were achieved from transplant group than that in control group(P＜0.05).This rhythm was stable in 4 weeks and became faster remarkably after administration of eninephrine(P＜0.05).Conclusion SN cell of dogs tutorgrfted into right ventricular anterior wall can form new pacemaker site in ventrcle and improve ventricular rate of complete heart bolck.This pacemaker site can also be regulated by epinephrine.

Objective To explore the procedure selection and outcomes of treatment for the patients with severe panurethral strictures secondary to lichen sclerosus ( LS ) and evaluated the bulbar urethral specimens histologically . Methods Seventy-eight patients with severe panurethral strictures of LS underwent one-stage urethroplasty using different mucosal grafts between January 2003 and December 2014. The mean age was 48 years (range 38-72).The mean stricture length was 14.3 ±2.6 cm (range 11.0-22.0).Midline perineal incisions or circumcoronal and midline perineal incisions were used and two procedures were chosen as follow:①the strictured urethras were dissected from the corpora cavernosa only along the left side and the stricture urethras were opened by a dorsal longitudinal incision which extended about 1.5 cm into the proximal healthy urethras .The strictured urethras were augmented using oral mucosal grafts(1.5 to 2.0 cm in width and an appropriate in length ) ( n=50); ② for the patients whose urethras were very narrow or obliterated , the urethras were reconstructed using colonic mucosal graft ( 3 cm in width and an appropriate in length)after the severe strictured urethras were excised (n=28).Biopsies were taken separately from the urethral meatus and bulbar urethral specimens .Results All of the 78 patients were followed up for 6-110 months (mean of 48.3 months).Sixty-nine patients (88.5%) urinated well, with the mean urinary peak flow rate of 23.4 ml/s ( range 15.2-47.0 ml/s ) , and urethrography showed that each had a patent urethra with adequate lumen .Complications associated with urethra occurred in 9 patients (11.5%) . Three patients developed urinary fistula secondary to infection , which required surgical correction;6 patients developed meatal stenosis 3 -11 months postoperatively , and all voided well after meatoplasty.The incidence of LS-positive biopsies was 100.0%in the glans and 88.5%in the meatus.In the bulbar urethral mucosa , the histological alteration in all biopsies was squamous metaplasia of the hyperplasia , and no histological evidence of typical LS was documented .However , homogenization of the collagen with diffuse lymphocyte infiltration was observed in the bulbar urethral specimens of 2 patients, and squamous metaplasia of the hyperplasia with serious orthokeratosis that was similar to its cutaneous counterpart was found in another 2 patients.Conclusions Our study suggests that urethroplasty with oral mucosal grafts is effective to treat panurethral stricture associated with LS .Urethroplasty with a colonic mucosal graft is suitable for repairing very severe strictured or obliterated urethra .No histological evidence of typical LS is observed in the bulbar urethral specimens .

Bladder cancer(BC) ranks the first of genitourinary tumor in China and is one of the most common urological malignancies, in which 25%-30% of patients were diagnosed with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Radical cystectomy combined with pelvic lymph node dissection is the standard procedure for treatment, which can effectively avoid tumor recurrence or distant metastasis as well as improve the prognosis of patients. However, some patients may not tolerate or refuse to undergo radical bladder surgery due to worry about high complication rate, high morbidity and poor postoperative quality of life. With the increasing understanding of bladder cancer heterogeneity and biological behavior, the treatment of bladder cancer has changed from a surgery-based treatment model to an individualized and comprehensive treatment model by multidisciplinary collaboration. The bladder-preserving treatment can achieve the same oncological prognosis as that of radical bladder surgery with a better quality of life of the patients, which has become a hot topic and focus of research in muscle-invasive bladder cancer treatment. This article reviewed the progress of research related to the comprehensive treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer with preservation of the bladder.

Exosomes are widely distributed in various body fluids. They are extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 30-100nm that contain a variety of biologically active substances. They play an important role in a variety of biological processes such as tumor invasion, migration and immune escape. With the progress of research, exosomes derived from bladder cancer have shown great potential in the early diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer. This article reviews the main biological characteristics of exosomes and their new developments in the diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer.

Prostate cancer is one of the most frequent malignancies of the urological tract. Surgery, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy are the main treatment methods for prostate cancer, which often lead to unsatisfactory outcomes due to the obvious heterogeneity of the tumor. Recently, poorly differentiated, self-renewing cancer initiation sites and treatment-resistant cancer stem cells (CSC) have become a hot topic in prostate cancer research. Targeting prostate cancer stem cells is a novel and promising therapy. In this article, we review the mechanism of stemness maintenance of CSC, its impact on the tumor microenvironment, and the related research progress in prostate cancer treatment, providing a theoretical basis for the targeted therapy of prostate cancer stem cells.