Objective: To study the higher order aberrations of emmetropic and ametropic eyes with wavefront aberrometer. Methods: Forty of cases 77 emmetropic and ametropic eyes were measured with an aberrometer based on Tscherning's principle with the pupils dilated. The Zernike coefficients and root mean square values of wavefront aberrations up to the 6th order were recorded and statistically analyzed. Results: The C06,C07,C08,C12,C13,C14,C24,C26,and C27 were significantly different from zero under 7 mm pupil size and the C06,C10,C12,C23,and C24 were significantly different from zero under 4 mm pupil size. There was no significant difference of higher order wavefront aberrations between emmetropic and ametropic eyes. Comparing the age of 40 years or less with the age over 40 years, there were significant differences in RMS3 between the two under 7 mm pupil size, and statistical diffenences in RMS6 and RMSh between the two under 4 mm pupil size. Conclusion: There are certain higher order wavefront aberrations in the normal human eyes, especially with the pupis dilated. No differences are found in higher order aberrations between emmetropic and ametropic eyes. The higher order aberrations of the age over 40 years are more than those of the age of 40 years or younger.

Background Conventional corticosteroid therapy after laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) is topical application of 0.1％ fluorometholone eye drops for 4 months,but this therapy increases the ocular hypertension risk and leads to poor compliance in patients.It is necessary to explore a safe and effective brachytherapeutic drug.Objective This study was to compare the clinical outcomes between the brachytherapy of 0.5％ loteprednol etabonate eye drops and the long-term therapy of 0.1％ fluorometholone eye drops after LASEK.Methods Clinical data were retrospectively analyzed from 208 right eyes in 208 mild and moderate myopia patients who received LASEK at Peking University Third Hospital from 2009 to 2013.The eye drops of 0.5％ loteprednol etabonate was used 6 times daily since operation day until postoperative day 5,and 4 times daily for a week,and then tapered for three consecutive weeks in 104 eyes of the loteprednol group after LASEK,and 0.1％ fluorometholone eye drops was applied topically 4 times daily for initial one month and then tapered for three consecutive months in another 104 eyes in the fluorometholone group after LASEK.Corneal epithelial healing time was compared between the two groups by recording the wearing duration of corneal contact lens.Noncontact intraocular pressure (lOP) was detected and corrected 5 days,2 weeks,1 month and 3,6 months after LASEK.Haze was scored based on the criteria of Cheng under the slit lamp microscope and apparently optometry was performed 1 month and 3,6 months after LASEK.Results The number of eyes removed corneal contact lens in 5,6 and 7 days after LASEK was not significantly different between the loteprednol group and the fluorometholone group (x2 =1.180,P =0.554).No considerable differences were seen in the eye numbers with the equivalent spherical lens (absolute value) ≤0.5 D in 1 month,3months and 6 months after LASEK (Z=-1.028,P=0.304;Z=-0.398,P=0.691;Z=-0.445,P=0.656).In the fifth days after surgery,the median corrected IOP was 13.52 mmHg and 13.12 mmHg in the loteprednol group and the fluorometholone group,respectively,showing a significant difference between them (Z =-1.985,P =0.047),but no significant differences were found in IOP in 2 weeks,1 month and 3 months,6 months after surgery between the two groups (all at P＞0.05).IOP elevated (postoperative IOP-preoperative IOP ≥ 5 mmHg) after LASEK in 5 eyes in the loteprednol group and 4 eyes in the fluorometholone group (x2 =0.116,P =0.733).In 1 month after surgery,the number of eyes in different grades of haze was significantly decreased in the loteprednol group compared with the fluorometholone group (x2=13.506,P=0.009),however,there was no significant differences in haze grading in postoperative 3 months and 6 months between the two groups (x2 =2.199,P =0.699;x2 =1.154,P =0.562).Conclusions Brachytherapy of 0.5％ loteprednol etabonate eye drops appears to have a similar effect in antiinflammation and inhibition of haze to the long-term therapy of 0.1％ fluorometholone eye drops after LASEK.Furthermore,topical application of 0.5％ loteprednol etabonate eye drops dose not increase the risk of ocular hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Growth differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) plays an important role in the development and formation of cartilage, extremities, and joints, which is a widely used joint development marker.OBJECTIVE: To express mature peptide of human GDF-5 in E. coil by the way of genetic engineering, and to explore the inductive activity of recombinant protein in vivo.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: The observation experiment based on gene was performed at the Analysis and Testing Center of Southern Medical University from January to June 2006.MATERIALS: Human fetus cartilage tissue was harvested from Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, and the consent was obtained from the family. Ten KM mice were purchased from experimental animal center of Southern Medical University, half male and half female, weighing 18-22 g, aged 6-8 weeks.METHODS: The hGDF-5 gene encoding mature peptide was gained by RT-PCR from the total RNA which was extracted from fetus cartilage tissues, and was inserted into the pET22b(+) vector to construct recombinant prokaryotic expression plasmid pET22b(+)-GDF5, which was transformed into E. coil BL-21 to be expressed after IPTG induction. Proteins of interest were purified with sepharose chelated with nickel ions (Ni2+) and then implanted in mouse hindlimb muscle to evaluate the biological activities by routine hematoxylin-eosin staining.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The expression, sequencing of target gene was observed by agarose gel electrophoresis, and the protein expression was detected by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, meanwhile, the GDF5-inducing activity was evaluate by histological observation.RESULTS: RT-PCR product was about 350 bp in length, which was confirmed by double enzyme digestion of the recombinant plasmid, sequencing result was in agreement with the reported hGDF-5 sequence in Genbank. SDS-PAGE analysis showed a conspicuous band representing a new foreign protein with relative molecular mass of approximately 14 KD after induced expressioin. Cartilage tissues were formed in the mouse muscle where the purified proteins were implanted. CONCLUSION: The integral human GDF-5 mature peptide gene was cloned successfully from human fetus cartilage tissue and a high-yield expression was achieved in E. coli, the pudfied protein has chondrogenic activities in vivo.

Objective To estimate the role of the posterior corneal parameters measured by Pentacam in screening subclinical keratoconus.Design Retrospective case-controlled study.Participants Forty five healthy subjects(73 eyes),14 keratoconus patients (20 eyes),43 subclinical keratoconus patients(58 eyes).Methods Based TOPOLYZER and biomicroscope signs,eyes were diagnosed as subclinical keratoconus and keratoconus to compare the differnces of related posterior corneal parameters provided by Pentacam in normal eyes and subclinical keratoconus or keratoconus eyes.Main Outcome Measures Back-Diff(6 mm) max,Back-Diff(6 mm )min, Back-Difference(6 mm),Back-Rmin,Back-Astig.Results The parameters which were statistically different between normal corneas and clinical keratoconus,normal corneas and subclinical keratoconus include Back-Diff(6 mm)max(P

0.05).There were more complaints of postoperative pain and discomfort after LASEK procedure.No severe vision threatening complications in these two groups were found.Conclusion:Both LASIK and LASEK are safe and effective in treating eyes with severe myopia.

AIM:To compare three different solvent extraction procedures affecting the extraction rate of polysaccharide from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.). METHODS: We used single factor experiments, optimized the extraction process of polysaccharide from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) by alkali solution and ethanol-alkali solution, respectively, and contrasted the two methods with the water extraction method that had been reported, determined the extraction rate of polysaccharide by optimum condition of three kinds of solvent. RESULTS: These results showed that ethanol-alkali extraction procedure had the highest extraction rate, 1.12 times more than water extraction procedure and 1.06 times more than alkali extraction procedure. CONCLUSION: Ethanol-alkali extraction procedure is a high effective and stable for polysaccharide from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.).

Nowadays more and more biologists and immunologists focus on Galectin-1 due to the in -depth study of Galectins.As one of the important member of Galectins,Galectin-1 distributes widely,exists in a variety of tissues and cells,involves in cell adhesion,proliferation,apoptosis and inflammatory reaction,and results in a variety of physiological and pathological process.Recent studies have found that Galectin-1 expression in a variety of malignant tumor with a close relationship with tumor occurrence,invasion,development,anti-tumor immunity,and metastasis.It may be a potentially new target for cancer and inflammation therapies.This present paper reviews the current research about Galectin-1 and tumor progression.

ObjectiveTo further evaluate the value of the stereotactic gamma-ray body radiation therapy ( γ-SBRT ) for patients with stage Ⅰ / Ⅱ non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) basing on the preliminary studies.MethodsTwenty-nine eligible patients with stage Ⅰ / Ⅱ NSCLC who is unable or unwilling to receive surgery underwent treatment prospectively with γ-SBRT (OUR-QGD).Patients were fixed by vacuum bag.Each patient underwent slow CT simulation at 5 s/slide with thickness of 5 mm and interval of 5 mm to take into consideration tumor motion.A total dose of 50 Gy was delivered at 5 Gy/fraction to 50％ isodose line covering 100％ of the PTV,with 60 Gy at 6 Gy/fraction to 60％ isodose line covering 90％ of the CTV,70 Gy at 7 Gy/fraction to 70％ isodose line covering 80％ of the GTV,and 10 times finished in 2 weeks,5 fractions per week.ResultsThe follow-up rate was 97％.The 6 month local tumor response rate was 93％,with CR 86％,and PR 7％.The 1-,2-year local control rates were both 93％.The 1-,2-year overall survival rates for the whole group,stage Ⅰ and stage Ⅱ were 97％ and 89％,100％ and 92％,67％ and 67％,respectively.The 1-,2-year progression-free survival were 90％ and 86％,respectively.34％ of the patients had acute radiation toxicities ( grade 1,2 and 3 in 6,2 and 2patients,respectively),and 38％ late radiation toxicities ( grade 1 and 2 in 10 and 1,patients).Conclusions γ-SBRT is a safe and effective treatment regimen,resulted in promising local control and survival with minor toxicity.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and side effects of whole body γ/-knife in patients with limited pancreatic carcinoma. Methods 111 patients with limited pancreatic carcinoma treated with the Stereotactie Gamma Ray Whole-Body Therapeutic System (Whole Body T-knife) were retrospectively an-alyzed. Patients were supine, fixed with a stereotactic body frame and vacuum bag, and then simulated by low-speed computed tomography. GTV, CTV and PTV were defined on the contrast-enhanced CT scans. It was required that 50% isedose line covered 100% of PTV and 70% isedose line covered more than 80% of GTV. The prescription dose was defined as 50% isodose. All patients were treated 5 fractions per week. The fractionated dose was 3-4 Gy for pancreatic head carcinoma, and 4-5 Gy for pancreatic body/tail carcino-ma. Irradiation of 40-51 Gy and 60-70 Gy were delivered to PTV and GTV margins, respectively. Re-suits The complete response rate, partial response rate and overall response rate of the primary tumors were 29.7%, 42.3% and 72.1%, respectively. The follow-up rate was 95.5%. The number of patients fol-lowed-up at 1-,2- and 3-year was 105,89 and 60. The 1-, 2- and 3-year overall survival rates were 49.3%,24.5% and 18.1%. For patients with stage Ⅰ/Ⅱ disease,the number of patients followed-up at 1-,2-,3-,4-and 5-year was 55,44,29,16 and 11 ;The 1-, 2-, 3-,4- and 5-year overall survival rates were 68%,34%, 30%, 21% and 17%, respectively. For patients with stage Ⅲ disease,the number of patients fol-lowed-up at 1-,2- and 3-year was 50,45 and 31 ;The 1-, 2- and 3-year overall survival rates were 28%,14% and 4%, respectively (χ~2=16.67, P=0.000). The acute side effects including nausea, vomiting and diarrhea were 71.2% of RTOG grade 1 -2 and 3.6% of RTOG grade 3. No treatment delay occurred.Conclusions With fractionated dose of 3-5 Gy,5 fractions per week and 40-51 Gy as total dose to PTV,whole body γ-knife is safe and effective to treat limited pancreatic carcinoma. The local control and overall survival could be improved.

Objective To explore the efficacy and security of helical tomotherapy (radical radiotherapy) combined with targeted therapy for stage Ⅳ non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Methods The data of 19 patients with stage Ⅳ NSCLC were retrospectively analyzed.The efficacy and security were observed by SPSS 20.0 statistical software.Results Among 19 patients, there were 6 cases complete remission (CR), 8 cases partial remission (PR), 4 cases stable disease (SD), 2 cases progressive disease (PD).The response (CR+PR) rate was 73.7 ％ (14/19).The 1-and 2-year local control rates were 73.7 ％, 47.4 ％,respectively.The 1-year progression-free survival rate was 31.6 ％.The median survival time was 13 months, and the 1-and 2-year overall survival rates were 52.6 ％, 26.3 ％, respectively.The median survival time of females, non-smokers or targeted therapy synchronous radiotherapy was longer than that of male, smokers or targeted therapy sequential radiotherapy, respectively (21 months vs 8 months, P =0.014;21 months vs 6 months, P =0.007;18 months vs 6 months, P =0.026).There were no significant differences of age, number of metastatical organs or targeted drug categories between two groups (P ＞ 0.05).All patients could tolerate the adverse reactions without treatment-related death.Conclusion The effect of helical tomotherapy combined with targeted therapy for stage Ⅳ NSCLC is desirable.