Objective In order to understand the mechanism of solute transperitoneal transport, we studied the relationship between IL-8 level and protein transperitoneal transport. Method 12 New Zealand White rabbits were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. 2 5% glucose peritoneal dialysis solution (40ml/kg)contained 3?10 9 CFU staphylococcus aureus 1ml was injected into the abdominal cavity of experimental NZW rabbits and 2 5% glucose peritoneal dialysis solution (40ml/kg)contained 0.9%NaCl solution 1ml was injected into the abdominal cavity of controlling NZW rabbits. The plasma and effluent concentrations of blood creatinine ,glucose,total proteins and albumine were determined respectively, the D/P or D/Do values of creatinine , total proteins ,albumine or glucose were calculated respectively. Results The D/P ratios of creatinine, total proteins and albumin were increased significantly, while the D/Do of glucose was decreased in experimental group on different dwelling time points ,there was a significantly difference,as compared with the control group (P0 05),while there was significantly correlation after 60 mins(P

Objective To evaluate the effect of fluvastatin on the tubule function of the patients with the nephrotic syndrome. Methods Fifty two patients were divided into the experimental group and the control group at random ,all patients were treated with the standard therapies and fluvastatin was added to the experimental group.Plasma albumin,serum cretinine,serum lipid profiles,24hr urinal protein and urinary RBP were examined before treatment and after 8 weeks in all patients. Results The levels of TG,LDL,CH,urinary RBP,urinary protein after 8 weeks of the treatment were significant lowered than those before the treatment (P

Objective To discuss the influence hand hygiene intervention on general ICU acquired methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection and its improvement. Methods Hand Hygiene Cognition Questionnaire that passed the reliability and validity test was used to compare the change of cognition on hand hygiene of medical staff. According to the results of the questionnaire, the intervention was carried out by continuous intensive training. The compliance with hand hygiene of medical staff was observed by monitoring equipment in the ward. Implementation status and effect of hand hygiene of medical staff on duty were examined randomly each month. At the same time MRSA infection rate of patients in comprehensive ICU was monitored in the same period. The relationship between hand hygiene compliance and MRSA infection rate was analyzed. Results The score of medical staff of cognition of hand hygiene was (41.70±3.67) points before the intervention, while the score was (44.10±3.55) points after the intervention. The difference had statistical significance (t=24.37, P<0.01). The correct rate of hand washing, positive rate of bacterial culture in hand, hand hygiene compliance and infection rate of MRSA of patients in comprehensive ICU were 68.75%, 14.58%, 66.90%, 12.90% respectively before the intervention. The correct rate of hand washing, positive rate of bacterial culture in hand, hand hygiene compliance and infection rate of MRSA of patients in comprehensive ICU were 88.54%, 3.12%, 74.14%, 3.10% respectively after the intervention. The difference had statistical significance (χ2=7.809-24.520, P<0.01). Conclusions Questionnaires with high credibility reviews could better identify issues in hand hygiene compliance, and sustained, reinforcing intervention measures could improve the compliance of hand hygiene; Good hand hygiene practice of medical and nursing staff contributes to controlling MRSA infection rates in general ICU.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of Yinhe gargle on infected root canals. Methods Forty-seven cases of root canal infection ( involving 48 affected teeth) were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group (22 cases involving 22 affected teeth) was given intracanal medicament with Yinhe gargle, and the control group ( 25 cases involving 26 affected teeth) was given root canal disinfection with camphor phenol. After intracanal medicament for one week, therapeutic effect and safety were evaluated in the two groups. Results ( 1) During root canal disinfection, none of the subjects had adverse reaction such as hypersensitiveness or cauterization of soft tissue. Canal obturation was available after the first intracanal medicament for the infected root canals. (2) After intracanal medicament for one week, the effective rate in the experimental group was 95.45%, and was 100.00%in the control group, the difference being in significant (P>0.05). Conclusion Yinhe gargle has similar disinfection effect to camphor phenol on infected root canals, and it can be used as disinfection medicament for root canals.

OBJECTIVE To comprehend the main pathogens and their drug resistance of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome(MODS) patients in ICU.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed all the bacteria isolated from 40 MODS patients in ICU.RESULTS The number of bacteria strains isolated was 173,92 G-bacteria strains made up 53.18%,60 G+ bacteria strains made up 34.68%,and 21 fungi strains made up 12.14%.The top six were Staphylococcus aureus(23.70%,MRSA was 13.87%),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(14.45%),Acinetobacter baumannii(11.56%),Stenotrophomonas maltophilia(8.67%),Candida tropicalis(8.09%),and Enterococcus faecalis(7.51%).The susceptive rate of S.aureus and Enterococcus to vancomycin was all 100%,the susceptive rate of A.baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae to carbapenems was high.64% patients had the multiplicity of infection(MOI) which always linked with long period in ICU,respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation.CONCLUSIONS MODS patients have a high morbility of G+ bacteria,fungi and MOI,most pathogens show multi-resistance to commonly used antibiotics.Strengthening the monitoring of infection and reasonable using antibiotics should be taken.

Objective To determine the morphology, bacteria and endotoxin content of bio-films on the inner surface of PVC tubes in hemodialysis water treatment system. Methods We dissolved biofilms of segments before and after reverse osmosis machine for bacterial count and identification. We studied biofilm structure of segments before and after reverse osmosis machine with eyes and scanning electron microscope. Biofilms of all 7 segments were dissolved for qualitative and quantitative assay of endotoxin. Results The inner surface of segment before reverse osmosis machine was homogeneously distributed with activated carbon powder deposition. The segment after reverse osmosis machine was normal. With scanning electron microscope, biofilm with successive surface and sandwich was found on the inner surface of segment before reverse osmosis machine, formed by clustering bacillus, activated carbon powder and some coccus. Bacteria of the same shape and length were found on segment after reverse osmosis machine, but fewer and looser. Bacterial culture and identification showed the former was mostly gram-negative bacillus, the latter was only a few micrococcus. Endotox-in of biofilm was between 2. 0 EU/mL and 4. 0 EU/mL. Quantitative assay showed: segment after softener (2.821 ±0. 807) EU/mL; segment after active charcoal canister(3. 635 ±0. 427) EU/ mL; segment before reverse osmosis machine (3.687 ±0.271) EU/mL; segment after reverse osmosis machine (2. 041 ±0. 295) EU/mL; exit of power pump (1. 983 ±0. 390) EU/mL; the 1st dead space (2. 373 ± 0. 535) EU/mL; and the 2nd dead space (2. 858 ± 0. 690) EU/mL. Conclusion Biofilms are found on the inner surface of segment before and after reverse osmosis machine . Endotoxin level from high to low is as follows: segment before reverse osmosis machine, segment after active charcoal canister, the 2 nd dead space, segment after softener, the 1 st dead space, segment after reverse osmosis machine, exit of power pump. The character of the bacteria and endotoxin of the biofilm can help us find better ways to control them.

Objective To study the incidence and risk factors of infection caused by methicillinresistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with a targeted surveillance at intensive care unit (ICU) acquired MRSA infection in Tianjin area.Methods A prospective multi-center observational analysis of consecutive patients admitted to 15 adult ICUs from March 1,2012 through March 31,2014 was carried out.The ICUs were divided into four groups according to the type of the ICU.All of the patients were cared for with routine MRSA surveillance.A number of risk markers and prognostic factors were recorded.The risk factors contributing to ICU acquired MRSA were evaluated using a logistic regression model.Comparison of survival between groups was analyzed with Kaplan-Meier method.Results A total of 1 787 patients were enrolled,and 144 cases of them were MRSA infections.The patients with MRSA infection were significantly older than those with non-MRSA infection (P =0.043),length of ICU stay,length of antimicrobial therapy,the history of repeated administration of antibiotics in recent days,history of operation in the past five years,history of MRSA infection or colonization,frequent application of and the overall length of time for mechanical ventilation and central venous catheter and catheter-associated infection were significantly higher than those with non-MRSA infection.The survival rate of patients with non-MRSA infection were higher than those with MRSA infection (x2 =9.23,P =0.004).The rate of MRSA infection and MRSA colonization in 2013 were significantly lower than that in 2012,because the rate of hand hygiene rule execution and bacterial clearance rate were significantly higher in 2013.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that advanced age (OR =1.05,95％ CI:1.009-1.086),length of ICU stay (OR =1.05,95％ CI:1.01-1.08),history of MRSA infection or colonization (OR =1.33,95％ CI:1.82 -3.27),glucocorticoid therapy (OR =2.85,95％ CI:1.18-6.91),antacid medicine (OR =4.92,95％ CI:1.18-20.58),history of recent or repeated application of antibiotics (OR =3.26,95％ CI:1.06-4.59) catheter-associated infections (OR =2.22,95％ CI:1.08-4.59) were associated with ICU acquired MRSA infections.Conclusions Performing the rule of hand hygiene strictly as well as strengthening prevention and control of MRSA infections can effectively reduce the incidence of ICU acquired MRSA infections.The advanced age,length of ICU stay,history of MRSA infection or colonization,glucocorticoid therapy,antacids medicine,history of recent or repeated application of antibiotics,catheterassociated infections were independent risk factors of ICU acquired MRSA infections.

Objective To evaluate the method of PSM-mec detection by Vitek MS for nosocomialacquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) identification.Methods Totally 167 isolates of MRSA and 100 isolates of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) used in this research were non-repetitively and prospectively collected between June 2012 and December 2013,two different SCCmec genotyping methods were applied for the MRSA strains,Vitek MS was used for identification of the isolates,the acquisition mass-spectrogram and the result mass-spectrogram at Myla system were analyzed among the different SCCmec type of MRSA.Results The 167 isolates of MRSA were classified into 5 major SCCmec types,among which SCCmec Ⅰ accounting for 3.6％ (6 isolates);SCCmec Ⅱ 6.0％ (10 isolates);SCCmec Ⅲ and Ⅲa 84.4％ (141 isolates);SCCmec Ⅳand Ⅳ a 4.8％ (8 isolates);SCCmec Ⅴ 1.2％ (2 isolates),respectively.The peak adjacent to the horizontal axis of a m/z 2 500 could be visually identified between the SCCmec Ⅱ and Ⅲ MRSA,of which the delta toxin peak were presented at m/z 3 005-3 009 or m/z 3 037-3 056,while the strains without delta toxin peak and the other types of MRSA or MSSA had no characteristic peak at the same position.Conclusions Nosocomial-acquired MRSA of the drug-resistant condition could be rapidly differentiated and forecasted by Vitek MS.Vitek MS could serve as a routine clinical assistance for epidemiological investigations of nosocomial-acquired MRSA in local area.

Objective To evaluate the influence of orthokeratology lenses on vision,intraocular pressure and biometric measurement parameters in adolescent myopia.Methods A total of 72 adolescent myopia patients (136 eyes) with orthokeratology lens,aged 8-16 years old,in Hebei Provincial Eye Hospital from Junuary 2013 to December 2015 were randomly selected.The vision,intraocular pressure,axial length,corneal topography,corneal thickness and anterior chamber depth were observed before wearing glasses,at 1 week,1,3,6 months after wearing glasses.Results After orthokeratology wearing,the uncorrected visual acuity was obviously improved (P＜0.05),the average refraction diopter was declined (P＞0.05) and the non-contact intraocular pressure was decreased (P＜0.05).The axial length after orthokeratology wearing had little change (P＞0.05).The curvature of the patient's cornea at one week after wearing glasses was deceased (P＜0.05) and the posterior corneal curvature tended towards stability.The corneal thickness at 1 week after wearing glasses had no obvious change compared with before wearing glasses(P＞0.05),which at 1 month after wearing glasses was decreased(P＜0.05) and which at 3,6 months after wearing glasses trended to be stabilized.The anterior chamber depth after wearing glasses had no obvious change.Conclusion Orthkeratology lens can decrease the myopia degree,increases the uncorrected visual acuity and has obvious effect for controlling adolescent myopia.The intraocular pressure and biometric measurement parameters have corresponding change after wearing orthkeratology lens.

Objective To understand the development of healthcare-associated infection(HAI)management organ-izations in China in the past 30 years.Methods Development of HAI management organizations in 12 provinces (municipalities,autonomous regions)in China was surveyed.Results A total of 166 hospitals were surveyed,96 (57.83%)were tertiary hospitals.Among 164 hospitals which had a history of development of HAI management department,46(28.05%)before 1995,63(38.14%)in 1995-2005,and 55(33.54%)in 2005-2015 set up HAI management departments.HAI management professionals per 1 000 beds in 165 hospitals decreased from 4.80 in 1995 to 4.09 in 2015,occupational categories in HAI management departments in 1995 -2015 were significantly different (χ2 =26.22,P <0.01).The constituent ratios of education background and profession of HAI manage-ment professionals in each province in 1995-2015 were significantly different(χ2 =242.91,47.10,respectively,all P <0.01).In 1995 and 2005,70.81%,53.30% of professionals were with college degree or below;in 2015,the percentage of professionals with bachelor’s degree,doctoral degree,and master’s degree were 53.79%,2.45%, and 22.86% respectively.Most professionals were nursing staff,but the percentage decreased from 58.38% in 1995 to 45.96% in 2015.Conclusion Although HAI management organizations have developed for 30 years and made some achievements,there still remain some problems,the proportion of professionals needs to be enhanced,and personnel structure should be optimized.