Objective To establish ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detector (UPLC-ELSD) method to determine the content of astragaloside in Guiqi Yiqi Yangxue Mixture and optimize the best water decoction process of the mixture.Methods The UPLC-ELSD conditions to determine the content of astragaloside in the mixture were as follow.The method was carried out on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 mm ×50 mm,1.7 μm) by using acetonitrile-water (35∶65) as mobile phase, and the flow rate was 0.3 mL/min and the column temperature 30℃.The parameter of ELSD:the drift tube temperature was set at 60℃, and the gas flow rate of N2 2.0 L/min.The content of paeoniflorin in the mixture was detected by previously established HPLC method.The orthogonal test was designed to optimize the water decoction process of the amount of water (A), decoction time (B) and decoction times (C), and the extract yield and the contents of astragaloside and paeoniflorin were evaluated as the comprehensive markers for the purpose.Results The UPLC-ELSD determination of astragaloside had a good linear relationship (r =0.9999), its mean recovery was 103.0%, and it had a good precision, specificity and repeatability.The orthogonal experimental results showed that decoction times (C) >the amount of water (A) >decoction time (B) were major factors affecting the decoction process in order and the ANOVA result showed that decoction times has significant effect on the decoction process (P<0.05).The optimal process of Guiqi Yiqi Yangxue Mixture was adding eight-fold water each time to decoct twice for 1.5 h totally.Conclusion This optimized water decoction process is feasible and stable, and suitable for industrialized production.

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the ultrafine pulverization technology in Chaige tuire powder;to compare the content and microcharacteristics between ultrafine powder and ordinary powder. METHODS:Using contents of 3 active ingredients(puera-rin,glycyrrhizin and baicalin)and powder d(0.5)as main indexes,bulk density,angle of repose and microcharacteristic as refer-ence indexes,orthogonal test was designed to optimize the initial particle size,moisture and pulverized frequency in ultrafine pul-verization technology. Contents of 3 active ingredients of ultrafine powder and ordinary powder(over 65/80 mesh sieve)and obser-vation results of calcium oxalate crystal under microscope were compared. RESULTS:The optimized technology was as follow as over 65 mesh sieve,moisture of 2.5%preliminary powder in 60 Hz of frequency for pulverization. In verification test,d(0.5)aver-age value of 3 ultrafine powder samples was 31.5 μm(RSD=0.45%,n=3);contents of puerarin,glycyrrhizin and baicalin were 0.232 mg/g(RSD=1.31%,n=3),0.212 mg/g(RSD=1.62%,n=3),8.962 mg/g(RSD=0.89%,n=3),respectively,which were increased about 30%-40% than in ordinary powder(0.158,0.15669,6.140 mg/g). There were no or little bundles of calci-um oxalate crystal that is common in ordinary powder. CONCLUSIONS:Optimized ultrafine pulverization technology is stable and feasible;contents of 3 active ingredients in Chaige tuire ultrafine powder are higher and calcium oxalate crystal are litter than ordi-nary powder,which possibly reduces the adverse reactions in clinical application.

Objective:To explore the relations of adolescents'behavioral problems to genetic and environmental factors.Methods:66 twin pairs aged 12 to 18 years in Chongqing were included in the study.The Youth Self-Report (YSR) was used to evaluate behavioral problems.The blood sample was collected to identify zygosity of twins.Genetic effects were evaluated by comparing the phenotypic correlationamong monozygotic twins(rMZ) and the phenotypic correlation among dizygotic twins(rDZ).Structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed to evaluate the relations of adolescents behavioral problems to the additive genetic factors (A),shared environment factors (C) and individual specific environmental factors (E).Results:MZ correlations of Social problems and Delinquency were less than DZ correlations(rMZ ＜ rDZ).It prompted that data was not suitable for genetic analysis.MZ correlations(rMZ) of any others (including social withdrawal,somatic complaints,anxiety/depression,thinking problem,attention problems,self-destructive/identity problem)were less than 2DZ correlations (2rDZ).It prompted to fit the ACE model.The optimal model was AE model.Among the contribution of the additive genetic factors (A) and individual specific environmental factors (E)to the total variance,the genetic factors ranged from 0.52 to 0.57 and individual specific environmental factors ranged from 0.43 to 0.48 in anxiety/depression and self-destructive/identity problem.For social withdrawal,somatic complaints,thinking problem and attention problems,the genetic factors ranged from 0.17 to 0.45and individual specific environmental factors ranged from 0.55 to 0.83.Conclusion:There is no obvious relationship between genetic effects and adolescent social problems or delinquency.Other behaviors problems (social withdrawal,somatic complaints,anxiety/depression,thinking problem,attention problem,self-destructive/identity problem)are correlated with additive genetic factors and individual specific environmental factors.Additive genetic factors have high-correlation with anxiety/depression and self-destructive/identity problem,and individual specific environmental factors have high-correlation with other factors.

Objective To explore the influence of genetic and environmental factors on adolescents depressive symptoms. Methods The depressive mood were investigated in 107 twin pairs from Chongqing (aged from 11 to 18 years old) using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionaire (PSDQ), Family Stresses Questionnaire (FSQ), Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale 2nd Edition Chinese Version (FACES II-CV) and Stressful Life Event (SLE) were applied to assess their environment factors. The blood samples were collected to identify zygosity of twins. Structural equation model was performed to evaluate the effects of the additive genetic factors (A), shared envi?ronment factors (C) and individual specific environmental factors (E) on the adolescents depressive mood. Results The scores of depressive mood were negatively correlated with father’s education level (r=-0.15, P=0.03), mother’s educa?tion level (r=-0.17, P=0.01), scores of the authoritative-parenting-style (r=-0.18, P<0.01), scores of the family adaptabil? ity (r=-0.27, P<0.01) and family cohesion (r=-0.20, P<0.01). There were significantly positively correlation between de?pressive mood and family stresses scores (r=0.14, P=0.04). The scores of adolescents depressive mood were not signifi?cantly correlated with stress life events (P>0.05). The effects of A and E on adolescents depressive symptoms were 0.37 (95%CI:0.14~0.57) and 0.63 (95%CI:0.43~0.86), respectively. Conclusion The authoritative-parenting-style and fami?ly adaptability are negatively correlated with depressive mood. Family stresses are positively correlated with depressive mood. Adolescents depressive mood is influenced by genetic factors and, to a greater extent, specific environmental factors.

Objective Using twins methods to explore the influence of genetic and environmental factor on Intelligence develop-ment of children and adolescent twins .Methods It was 190 pair of twins aged 6 to 18 who lived in Chongqing were recruited ,DNA were extracted from buccal mucosa and venous blood samples to identify zygosity .The intelligence was investigated by using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children(C-WISC) ,the intrapair correlation coefficients of twins were compared and calculate the genetic degrees .Results The total IQ of children aged 6 to 18 heritability were 0 .63 ,Verbal IQ were 0 .44 ,Performance IQ were 0 .57 .The total IQ heritability of children aged 10 to 14 and 15 to 18 years(0 .78 ,0 .79) were higher than that of those aged from 6 to 9 years(0 .018) .Conclusion This study suggested the intelligence of children aged 6 to 18 affected by genetic and environment , and the older ,the more influence of genetic on intelligence development .

Objective: To investigate the health of gypsum miners in Hubei province and analyze the health effects of occupational disease hazards exposure on gypsum miners. Methods: In April 2017, occupational disease hazard factors were tested on the site of a gypsum mine, and 500 workers were selected by random sampling to conduct questionnaires, relevant data such as occupational health examination was collected, and descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Results: The main occupational hazards of gypsum miners were gypsum dust and noise. The time-weighted average concentration of 8 h in the workplace was 4.32 to 9.34 mg/m³, and the post pass rate was 69.2% (9/13) ; Respiratory dust 0.13-5.15 mg/m³, post pass rate 75.0% (3/4). Gypsum miners had finger dysfunction and muscle numbness, joint pain (29.2%, 88/301) and chest pain and breathing difficulties (17.6%, 53/301). Followed by tinnitus, auricle pus, running water (4.7%, 14/301), abnormal muscle tension (2.7%, 8/301). The exposure of occupational disease hazards was associated with respiratory, auditory and neurological symptoms of gypsum miners. Conclusion The long-term exposure of gypsum workers to gypsum dust, noise and other harmful factors may result in obvious symptoms of respiratory system and other health damage.

Objective To explore the influence of genetic and environmental factors on emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents using twins quantitative method. Methods One hundred fifty-six twins pairs, aged from 6 to 18, were included in the present study. The parental version of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ)was used to evaluate their emotional and behavioral problems. The DNA test of twin zygosity was conducted using DNA extracted from buccal mucosa or venous blood samples. The influence of genetic and environmental factors on emo-tional and behavioral problems was analyzed using structural equation modeling(SEM). Results Shared environment and special environment had impact on emotional symptoms and their contribution to the total variance of emotional symp- tom was 0.42 and 0.58, respectively. Prosocial behavior was mainly affected by shared environment and the contribution of shared environment to the total variance of prosocial behavior was 0.89. Genetic factors had greater influence on hyperac-tivity/attention deficit and the contribution of genetic factors to the total variance was 0.62. Shared environment had more influence on conduct disorder and the contribution of shared environment to total variance was 0.56. Heredity, shared envi-ronment and special environment had impact on peer problems and their contribution to the total variance was 0.24, 0.33 and 0.43, respectively. Conclusion In child and adolescent period, emotional symptoms are only affected by environ-ment, while behavior problems are affected by the combination of heredity and environment. Different behavior problems are affected by different genetic and environmental factors.

Objective To explore the relationship of adolescents internalizing problem behavior with genetic and environmental factors. Methods The internalizing problem behavior of 74 twin pairs from Chongqing(aged from 12 to18 years) were investigated using The Youth Self-Report (YSR). The family adaptability and cohesion evaluationscale 2nd edition Chinese version (FACES Ⅱ-CV), Family Stresses Questionnaire (FSQ), the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ), Stressful Life Event (SLE) and Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ ) were applied to assess their environment factors and coping style. The blood sample was collected to verify zygosity of twins. Structural equation modeling (SEM)was performed to evaluate the relationship of adolescents internalizing problem behavior with the additive genetic factors(A),shared environment factors(C)and individual specific environmental factors(E). Results The scores of PSDQ and FSQ FACES Ⅱ-CV SCSQ were no significantly different between homozygotic and dizygotic twins(P>0.05).There were significantly negative correlation between internalizing problem behavior and family cohesion (r=0.223, P=0.011).The scores of adolescent internalizing problem behavior were positively correlated with the scores of family stresses(r=0.232, P=0.008), the scores of Authoritarian-parenting-style(r=0.206, P=0.018), the scores of negative coping style (r=0.408, P=0.001);the scores of adolescents internalizing behavioral problems were not significantly correlated with the scores of the stress life events, and the scores of the parenting education level and occupation.The effects of A and E on adolescent internalizing problem behavior were 0.51(95%CI:0.27~0.69)and 0.49 (95% CI: 0.31~0.73) respectively. Conclusion Environmental factors and genetic factors contribute equally to adolescents internalizing problem behavior, which is affected by the authoritarian-parenting-style, family stresses, family cohesion and negative coping style.

OBJECTIVETo explore the influence of genetic and environmental factors on the executive function of twin children.

METHODSThe executive function of 122 twin pairs from Chongqing (aged from 6 to 18 years) were investigated with the perseverative errors of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Structural equation modeling was performed to evaluate the effects of the additive genetic factors (A), dominance genetic latent factors (D) and individual specific environmental factors (E) on the executive functions.

RESULTSThe effects of D and E on perseverative errors were 0. 77 (95%CI: 0.65-0.84) and 0.23 (95%CI: 0.16-0.35), respectively. The probability of perseverative errors showed a significant negative correlation with family functioning and with the total GHQ-12 scores of the fathers and mothers (r:-0.335, -0.335, and -0.219, respectively, P<0.01). Perseverative errors were not significantly correlated with the parenting styles and stress life events.

CONCLUSIONPerseverative errors are influenced by a common dominance genetic latent factor and individual specific environmental factors, but the role of environmental factors such as family functioning and parental health can not be ignored.

Objective This study aims to provide craniofacial features and incisor position prediction models among esthetics population after orthodontic treatment.Methods A total of 338 patients with esthetic profiles were se-lected from 1 055 post-orthodontic adults based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and scored by five dental students.Mean values of cephalometric measurement were demonstrated with gender and sagittal skeletal pattern(ANB)differ-ences assessed by generalized estimating equation.Correlations among age,skeletal,and soft tissue variables in differ-ent genders were determined.Multivariate analysis was used to assess the influence of skeletal and soft tissue variables on orthodontic incisor position.Results Within the esthetic cohort after orthodontic treatment,gender differences ex-isted in cranial and mandibular length,mandibular rotation,protrusion of pogonion,inclination of maxillary incisors,upper lip thickness,lower 1/3 face height,and nose protrusion.However,in class Ⅰ malocclusion,the development of the chin showed no significance,whereas the protrusion of the lower lip significantly differed between genders,with less protrusion in males.In males,the protrusion of lip and chin varied among groups,with thinner basic upper lip thick-ness of class Ⅱ than class Ⅰ and greater lower lip height of class Ⅲ than class Ⅰ.In females,the protrusion and height of the upper lip and chin varied in groups,with thicker basic upper lip thickness of class Ⅲ than class Ⅰ.Upper lip thickness,female basic upper lip thickness,and female lower lip height were correlated with age.The protrusion of the upper lip was mainly correlated with posterior cranial base,mandibular body length,ANB in male and SNA,ANB,sag-ittal maxillary length,mandibular rotation,and protrusion of pogonion in female.The protrusion of the lower lip in males was mainly correlated with ramus height,mandibular rotation,protrusion of pogonion in male and ANB,mandib-ular rotation,and protrusion of pogonion in females.After employing skeletal variables to fit dental parameters,optimal results were achieved in male IMPA(adjusted R2=0.712)and female G Vert-U1(adjusted R2=0.795).After employing skeletal and soft tissue variables simultaneously,optimal results were achieved in male and female G Vert-U1,which was mainly influenced by the protrusion of the chin and nasal base in males(adjusted R2=0.836)and the protrusion of the nasal base as well as ANB in females(adjusted R2=0.842).Conclusion This study demonstrated the craniofacial features of esthetics population after orthodontic treatment and revealed the correlation of gender,age,skeleton,and soft tissues to provide reliable prediction models for aesthetic orthodontic incisor position.