Keratoconus is a progressive, non - inflammatory corneal thinning disorder that produces a unique spectrum of change in the surface curvature of the cornea. The suspected factors associated with the cause of keratoconus include genetic mechanisms, familial associations, allergy, atopy and so on, but environmental factors, such as abnormal rubbing, contact lens wearing and ultraviolet radiation may be easily ignored. Although it is commonly thought that keratoconus is a result of various pathological progress mediated by multiple factors, those chronic trauma could play important roles in the pathological progress. The classic definition of keratoconus is still referred as a non - inflammation disorder with malnutrition of keratectasia, more and more clinical evidences and experimental results that may refute this concept. It may be due to the long-term persistent chronic trauma resulted from eye rubbing, contact lens or ultraviolet radiation. Under this conditions, the increased release of inflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinases may accelerate keratocyte apoposis and enzyme metabolism disorders, with the result of matrix cell lost, tensile strength decreased and keratectasia. Here, for some papers known about the relationship between chronic cornea trauma and keratoconus were reviewed and discussed its possible causal relationship.

Objective To study the correlations between diopter,axis length,cornea curvature and thickness in myopia patients. Design Prospective case series.Participant 300 myopic patients who were ready for LASIK.Method 300 myopic patients who were ready for LASIK were selected randomly.They were divided into four groups according to the diopter of myopia:low myopia group (≤-3.00D)41 cases,medium myopia group(＞-3.00D,≤-6.00D)130 cases,high myopia group(＞-6.00D,≤-9.00D)95 cases,and super myopia group(＞-9.00D)34 cases.The axis length,cornea thickness,cornea eurvture and diopter of myopia were detected. Through analysis of variance(ANOVA),Pearson correlation analysis and linear regression analysis,the correlations between axis length, cornea thickness,curvature and diopter of myopia were made out in four groups.Main Outcome Measure Diopter of myopia,cornea curvature,axis length of eye and central cornea thickness.Result The axis length of low myopia group,medium myopia group,high myopia group and super myopia group was(24.32?1.73)mm,(25.33?1.49)mm,(26.04?1.92)mm,(27.47?2.57)mm respectively. There were obvious differences of axis lengths between four groups(P=0.000).The cornea curvature in high myopia group was obviously different from those in low myopia group and medium myopia group.There were no significant differences of cornea thickness among four groups(P=0.409).The axis lengths of eyes respectively had correlations with diopters(r=0.734,P=0.000),vertical and horizontal cornea curvatures(r=-0.312,P=0.000;r=-0.328,P=0.000).Conclusion The main effective factor on the diopter of myopia is the axis length for most patients.For the patients with high myopia,the cornea curvature is another effective factor.With the increase of axis length,the cornea curvature decreases,and the cornea turns flatter.(Ophthalmol CHN,2006,15:321-323)

ObjectiveTo value fluorescent quantified PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technique to detect the DNA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from clinical patients.MethodsDetect the DNA of TB from the sputum of 80 active tuberculosis and hydrothorax of 40 tuberculous pleuritis.At equal pace,make a comparison to proceed microscopic examination and cultivation.ResultsWith fluorescent quantified PCR,56.2％ (45/80),27.5％ (11/40)positive detection from active tuberculosis and tuberculous pleuritis respectively.16.2％ ( 13/80 ),0.0％ positive specimen were detected with microscopic examination in two group of patients.Cultivation got 37.5％ (30/80),2.5％(1/40) positive detection respectively.ConclusionFluorescent quantified PCR was more sensitive and specific than traditional methods,and valuable in the microscopic examination and cultivation negative patients especially.

AIM:To investigate the effects of estrogen on the expression of matrix metalloproteinases-2(MMP-2), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2(TIMP-2) and transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) in cultured human corneal stromal cells.METHODS: Inflammatory environments of human corneal stromal cells were simulated by using 1.5ng/mL IL-1β.The cells were then treated with or without different concentrations of estrogen(0, 1×10-4, 1×10-6, 1×10-8, 1×10-10mol/L estradiol)in vitro.Cell viability was evaluated by MTT.Expression levels of MMP-2, TIMP-2 and TGF-β1 proteins were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).RESULTS:Estrogen did not affect the viability of human corneal stromal cells.Compared with the control group, expression levels of MMP-2 and TGF-β1 proteins in E2 treatment group significantly decreased after being treated with estrogen, while the expression level of TIMP-2 significantly increased.CONCLUSION: Estrogen could, to some extent, down-regulate the expression of MMP-2 and TGF-β1 and up-regulate the expression of TIMP-2, which might contribute to protecting human cornea.

AIM: To evaluate the changes in central corneal thickness (CCF) caused by mydriasis with Mydrin-P.METHODS: A total of 106 eyes of 53 patients with refractive errors were studied. Each eye had instillation of Mydrin-P to obtain mydriasis. CCT was examined before and after mydriasis using ultrasonic pachymeter.RESULTS: CCT increased significantly after mydriasis with Mydrin-P.CONCLUSION: Mydrin-P can affect the measurement of CCT.

In order to identify the chemical constituents of Yushu tablets comprehensively, we studied the chemical constituents of CHCl3 extract from Yushu tablets by the ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-ion trap-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-IT-TOF/MS). It showed that there were more than 100 compounds separated, and forty-nine peaks among these were identified on the basis of high resolution mass spectrometry data and literature data reported. Determination of twelve peaks was further confirmed by standard substances. These components assigned to the different plant sources mainly included phenylpropanoids, triterpenoids, quinones and m-trihydroxybenzene compounds. By analyzing the chemical components of CHCl3 extract from compound Chinese medicine Yushu tablets comprehensively, this study provided the foundation for studying chemical components, pharmacodynamic substance and quality control of Yushu tablets.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Tablets ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of conventional ultrasound, compression elastography (CE) and acoustic radiation force impulse imaging (ARFI) in diff erential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast tumors. Methods: A total of 98 patients with liver lesions were included in the study. The images of conventional ultrasound, CE and the values of virtual touch tissue quantiifcation (VTQ) of breast lesions were obtained. hTe diagnostic performance of conventional ultrasound, CE and ARFI were assessed by using pathology as the gold standard, and then evaluate the diagnosis effciency of these three approaches in differential diagnosing benign and malignant breast tumors. Results: The specificity, sensitivity and accuracy in the diagnosis of malignant breast tumors for conventional ultrasound were 80.0%, 81.1% and 81.7%, respectively, whereas for CE elastic score were 85.7%, 86.7% and 86.3%, respectively. With a cutoff value of 3.71 for the SR, the sensitivity, speciifcity, accuracy in diagnosis of malignant breast tumors were 97.1%, 83.3% and 88.4%, respectively. With a cutoff value of 3.78 m/s for VTQ, the sensitivity, speciifcity, accuracy in diagnosis of malignant breast tumors were 94.3%, 91.7% and 92.6%, respectively. The difference in diagnosis efficiency among ARFI, CE and conventional ultrasound in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast tumors was signiifcant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Conventional ultrasound, CE and ARFI are all useful for the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast tumors. But the diagnosis effciency of ARFI is superior to CE and conventional ultrasound. The three approaches can help each other in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast tumors.

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of implantable collamer lens (ICL)-V4c implantation in the correction for high myopia. METHODS: This retrospective analysis collected twenty-five patients (43 eyes) with high myopia treated with ICL/TICL implantation from September to December 2016 at Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital. Routine ophthalmic examinations were performed. The patients were followed 3mo to monitor uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), refractive error, intraocular pressure, corneal endothelial cell count, contrast sensitivity and scores for Quality of Life lmpact of Refractive Correction Questionnaire ( QIRC ). Statistical analyses were performed using repeated measures ANOVA, LSD-t test and paired-samples T test. RESULTS: Postoperative UCVA and BCVA were significantly higher than before surgery (all P<0. 01). Postoperative spherical mirrors at all time points were lower than before surgery(all P<0.01),and there was no significant difference between the different time point postoperative (all P>0. 05). The safety index in 3mo postoperatively was 1.38士0.24 and the effective index was 1. 22士0. 15. There was no statistical difference in intraocular pressure between preoperative and postoperative time points (F=1.464, P=0.215). There was no statistical difference in endothelial cell density at 3mo after surgery compared to preoperative (t=-0.544, P= 0. 586). The postoperative Log contrast sensitivity (LogCS) of 12.0 cycles per degree (c/d) and 18.0 c/d were significantly higher compared to the preoperative (F=4.347, P=0.010; F=4.539, P=0.005; respectively), but other (the postoperative LogCS of 3.0 c/d and 6.0 c/d) differences were statistically insignificant (F=1.094, P=0.354;F=1 325,P=0.271;respectively). There was no significant difference in the amount of change in the QIRC scores between preoperative and postoperative(F=2.669, P=0 094). CONCLUSION: ICL V4c implantation is a safe and effective method for the correction of high myopia.

Background Neuroglobin (Ngb) is a newly discovered member of globin superfamily.It is thought to regulate cell survival under hypoxia or oxidative stress condition.Ngb is expressed at a high level in retinal neuron,suggesting that retina may be one of important functional sites of Ngb.Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the protective role of endogenous Ngb on retina ganglion cells (RGCs) following chronic high intraocular pressure(IOP)in mice and the underlying mechanisms.Methods This study included the in vitro and in vivo experiment.RGCs derived from adult C57BL/6J wild type(WT) mice and Ngb-transgenic(Ngb-Tg) mice which cultivated by our laboratory were incubated with 5.0,7.5,10.0 mmol/L glutamic acid for 3 days.RGCs survival rate was calculated for the ration of dead and survival cells using a double labeling kit to evaluate the influence of Ngb on RGCs survival rate in the addition of glutamic acid.Chronic ocular hypertension models were established by injection of fluorescent microballon(MB) (10 μm)into the anterior chamber of WT mice and Ngb-Tg mice,The mice were divided into WT control group(n=18),Ngb-Tg control group(n=30),WT+MB single injection group(n=38),Ngb-Tg+MB single injection group (n =38),WT+MB twice injection group (n =6) and Ngb-Tg + twice injection group (n=6).In addition,WT+PBS injection group (n =6) and Ngb-Tg+ PBS injection group (n =6) were designed as negative controls to identify if it can affect IOP or not.The mice were sacrificed on 0 day(control group),3 days and 1,4,8 weeks followed the MB anterior chamber injection.Real-time PCR,Western blot and immunoytochemistry were used respectively for the analysis of the expressions of Ngb mRNA and protein in mouse retina,and the survival rates of RGCs were compared between the two types mice.Dihydroethidium (DHE) in retina was detected after cardiac perfusion and ATP level in mouse retina homogenate was analyzed.Results The RGCs survival rate was significantly higher in Ngb mice compared with WT mice in 5.0,7.5 and 10.0 mmol/L glutamic acid treatcd groups (t =2.810,3.020,3.110,P＜ 0.01).IOP of WT+ MB single injection group and Ngb-Tg+ MB single injection group were elevated in comparison with the WT control group and WT+PBS injection group and the high IOP remained for 4 weeks.Ngb level was raised in the WT+MB single injection group on the third day following injection,but the Ngb concentration remained a high level in the Ngb-Tg mice during the period of the experiment duration.The RGCs apoptosis rate was elevated both in the WT mice and Ngb-Tg mice 1,4,8 weeks after injection of MB,however,the cell apoptosis rate was higher in WT mice than that of Ngb-Tg mice(P＜0.05).DHE content in retina in the Ngb-Tg+MB single injection group was significantly lower than that in the WT+MB single injection group (t =3.212,P=0.008),and ATP content in retina was elevated in the Ngb-Tg+MB single injection group compared with WT+MB single injection group(t =2.864,P＜0.01).Conclusions It is suggested that Ngb might be a neuroprotective molecules against RGCs death by decreasing oxidative stress and improving mitochondria function.

· AIM: To explore the dynamic expression and correlation among telomerase catalytic subunit (TERT), proliferating cell nuclear antigen ( PCNA) and antiapoptosis protein Bd-2 which relate to cell proliferation in epiretinal membrane of rat traumatic proliferative vitreoretinopathy(PVR).· METHODS: S-P technique was applied for immunohistochemical staining of epiretinal membrane of traumatic PVR with TERT, PCNA and Bcl-2 antibody. HE staining was also carried out. The staining results were analyzed with image analysis system.· RESULTS: The positive rate and average A of PCNA protein were upregulated at first and then down-regulated, with the peak value in 14d Group, which was significantly different from those in 7d Group and 28d Group.The positive rate and average A of TERT and Bcl-2 were also upregulated at first and then down-regulated, with the peak value in 14d Group and 21d Group, which were significantly different from those in 7d Group. There was significant correlation among PCNA, Bcl-2 and TERT protein expression (P≤0.01).· CONCLUSTON: TERT and Bcl-2 take part in the regulation of proliferative cells in epiretinal membrane of traumatic proliferative PVR, with high correlation with the dynamic changes of cell proliferation.