Respiratory tract is the most common site of pathogen infection,and is also an important place to induce protective immune response. Inhaled vaccines can not only induce local production of antigen-specific immunoglobulin A(IgA)in the mucosa,but also stimulate systemic IgG antibodies and cellular immune responses in the local respiratory tract. However,due to the lack of an effective delivery system,the development of inhaled vaccines has been slow. In recent years,particlebased delivery systems have provided new ideas for the design of inhaled vaccines. The particle vaccines with the best physical and chemical characteristics after rational design can not only prevent antigens from being degraded by enzymes,but also target antigen-presenting cells,thus generating a long-term and effective protective immune response. At present,the inhaled influenza vaccine Flumist has been approved to market at home and abroad. In 2022,China approved the world's first inhalation SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for emergency use. In addition,a large number of inhalation vaccines have started clinical trials. This paper briefly reviews the research progress of inhalation vaccine delivery in recent years

Bronchiolitis is a common respiratory infective disease in children, which is caused by viruses mostly. A view that bronchiolitis is a special pattern of manifestation of asthma is accepted widely. In the past few years, many agents appeared as a inducement from bronchiolitis to asthma, such as family histoty and atopy. At the same time, the life style of infants( feeding patterns,infective frequency ,environment exposure)plays a role in this process. Studying these factors will help doctors to detect people with high risk, and supply treatment earlier.

ObjectiveTo discuss the infiuence of personalized nursing intervention on success rate of holding breathing in patients undergoing dual-source CT imaging.Methods167 cases of patients were randomly divided into the observation group(100 cases)and the control group(67 cases). The control group implemented routine care, on the basis of routine care, the observation group was given pertinent and individualized nursing intervemion according to the factors causing failure of holding breathing, including better psychological counseling for patients, the right guidance, to alleviate symptoms, to improve comfort degree, to give clinical evaluation after inspection, et al.ResultsThe success rate of holding breathing in the observation group and the control group was 99.0％ and 88.1％, the observation group was significantly higher than the control group.ConclusionsHealth education for patients, attention to patients' illness, mental state, cognitive and behavioral changes in a timely manner to give individualized nursing intervention and seriously check the implementation of results in patients, can effectively improve the success rate of holding breathing in patients undergoing dual-source CT coronary angiography.

Dendritic spines are functional protrusions on neuron dendrites and formation of excitatory synaptic sites.Dendritic spines contain a variety of cell surface receptors,actin cytoskeleton,scaffolding proteins and other components,which regulate the growth of dendritic spines maturation and structure.Multiple components within dendritic spines not only have effects on expression of its shape and structure,but also on the function.Morphology of dendritic spines is closely related with its function.Its shape is affected by many factors in the changing process.So dendritic spine plasticity is an important aspect of synaptic function in the central nervous system,and is closely related with learning and memory function and central nervous system diseases.

Aquaporins (AQP) are membrane channel proteins which facilitate water transport through cell membranes.AQP4 is abundantly expressed in brain which is located in endfeet of astrocytes adjacent to capillaries,neurons,and neuronal synapses.It has also been identified in neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.AQP are closely related to many central nervous system diseases.Researches have showed that AQP4 participates in regulating and controling process of cerebral edema that caused by brain trauma,cerebral ischemia,intracranial infection and mmour,etc.AQP4 antibody is specific biological markers in serum of patients with neuromyelitis,which helps diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis,predicting prognosis and therapy of neuromyelitis optica.AQP4 has been shown to play roles in pathological and physiological process of neurodegenerative diseases,epilepsy,migraine.This article aims to review the distribution,function,influential factors of AQP4 and research development of AQP4 in common diseases of the central nervous system.

Objective An initial study on the cognition of the relationship between clinical and management staff for the purpose of improvements. Methods Questionnaires were issued to 38 clinical medical staff and 26 hospital management staff, regarding this relationship. Results Consensus is found between the two groups regarding clinical involvement in management, teamwork and exchange, and cognition on the competence and capability of the other party, P>0.05. On the other hand, however,cognitive differences are found regarding mutual penetration, power balance and implementation of policies and systems. Conclusions In-depth cooperation and understanding between the two groups and the mutual conversion of their behaviors and concepts are the cornerstones of an ideal relationship between clinical staff and management staff.

Gene chip technology is a large amount of information,simple operation,fast speed of the nucleic acid sequence determination and quantitative analysis technique.The advantages of this technology include high integration and high content of micromation,parallelism,diversification and automatization.Currently,gene chip technology is increasingly being used in clinic,including disease diagnosis,treatment guidelines and prognosis.The progresses of the diagnosis of the gene chip technology in unexplained mental retardation are summarized in this paper.

Objective To explore the clinical effect of refractory atelectasis treated with high dose ambroxol.Methods 112 patients with refractory atelectasis were selected as research subjects.All the patients were divided into two groups with each group 56 patients according to admission order.The control group received symptom treatment,physics treatment and routine dosage ambroxol,while the observation group received high dose ambroxol.The clinical effect and safe between two groups were compared.Results The excellence rate and total effective rate of the observation group were 71.43％ (40/56) and 100.00％ (56/56),respectively,which were higher than 51.79％ (29/56) and 83.93％ (47/56) of the control group (x2 =4.57,9.79,all P ＜ 0.05).There were no statistical difference on the total adverse effect incidence rates between the two groups(x2 =0.15,P ＞0.05).No other sever adverse effects happened in both groups.Conclusion Compared with routine dosage ambroxol,the clinical effect of refractory atelectasis treated with high dose ambroxol was better.The treatment was also safe.It was worth generalizing on the treatment of refractory atelectasis.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of ligustrazine combined with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokines and intestinal microflora of chronic stress rat. METHODS:Normal rats were included in normal control group,and chronic stress model rats were divided into model group,NAC group (60 mg/kg) and ligustrazine+NAC group (15 mg/kg+60 mg/kg),with 20 rats in each group. They were given relevant medicine intragastrically for 15 d. The general inspection of rats were recorded in each group. Level of IL-6,IL-1β,TNF-α and INF-γ in serum were detected,and intestinal microflora was measured. RESULTS:Compared with normal control group,chronic stress symptom of rats were found in model group,and level of IL-6,IL-1β,TNF-α and INF-γ in serum were enhanced;Escherichia coli and Enterococcus in intestine were increased,while Bacterium lacticum and Bacillus bifidus were decreased (P<0.05). Compared with model group,chronic stress symptom of rats were relieved in NAC group and ligustrazine+NAC group,and above indexes were all improved (P<0.05);ligustrazine+NAC group was better than NAC group(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Ligustrazine+NAC can improve chronic stress of rats by decreas-ing pro-inflammatory cytokines and improving the intestinal microflora.

OBJECTIVE:To discuss about the spot break for promoting technical skipping in pharmaceutical industry of China.METHODS:Based on imbalance of technical development,matrix of technical change skipping and cluster of innovation,the necessity and possibility of the spot break for promoting technical skipping in pharmaceutical industry of China were discussed.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Because the spot or part break is the normal model for promoting technical skipping in history of technical change and innovation,so if pharmaceutical industry of China wants to get technical skipping,we have to promote the spot break.In the end of this paper,the suggestions how to get spot breaks in the skipping of pharmaceutical technical change and innovation in China are put forward.