Animals ; Child ; China ; Dairy Products ; Diet ; Health Promotion ; methods ; Health Status ; Humans ; Nutritional Status ; Nutritive Value

Nonclinical evaluation of vaccines is an important part of innovative vaccine research and development. Information on vaccine efficacy and safety is obtained through nonclinical research to support the clinical development and licensure of the vaccine. In this paper, combined with existing vaccine evaluation experience, the strategies, considerations and concerns of vaccine nonclinical evaluation are summarized by consulting the relevant domestic and foreign literature and guidelines of vaccine nonclinical evaluation in recent years, so as to provide a reference for vaccine researchers. Because of the different characteristics and concerns of therapeutic vaccines, the discussion in this paper mainly focuses on innovative preventive vaccines.

Purpose:To compare old and new clinical staging of primary liver cancre. Methods:317 cases of primary liver cancer(PLC) patients,hospita lized and dead,were investigated retrospectively for overall median survival and survival after various therapies,according to various stages,and therapies and comparison among groups and test of median survival were carried out. Results:Survival in patients with new stage Ⅱa+Ⅱb or old Ⅱw ere significantly longer than newⅢa+Ⅲb or oldⅢ, but no significant differenc es were observed between new stageⅡa+Ⅱb and oldⅡ , or new stage Ⅲa+Ⅲb and oldⅢ. Median survival by new staging , decreased in peoper order from stageⅡ a ,Ⅱb , Ⅲa to Ⅲb respectively, significant different was found only between s tage Ⅲa and Ⅲb but not betweenⅡa andⅡb . Survival decreased respectively fr om interventional treatment ,systemic chemotherapy and palliative therapy;the in terventional treatment group did much better than the palliative group but no si milar differences were observed in the other groups. Conclusions:New clinical staging of PLC did not show significan t superiorly over the old one as judged by median survival.It can be questioned whether basing on largest diameter is less than 5/10 cm or more than 10 cm to di stinguish Ⅱa and Ⅱb is valid.Interventional treatment should be applied as soo n as possible to prolong survival whether it be the new or old clinical staging.

Objective: To investigate the value of real-time contrast echocardiography in evaluation of global and regional left ventricular function in patients with coronary artery disease. Methods: Twenty-two patients receiving coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery were enrolled in this study. Before and after real-time contrast echocardiography, the left ventricular endocardial border, was delineated; the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was measured and the regional wall motion was assessed. LVEF results were compared with X-ray opacification reports. Results: After contrast enhancement, the endocardial border became more precise. The number of unclear endocardial border decreased while the number of clear border and the score index increased. The LVEF measured by echocardiography before contrast was significantly different from X-ray results (P<0.05), with a poor correlation (r=0.46, P<0.05). After contrast enhancement, the difference between these 2 methods became insiginificant (P>0.05), with a good correlation (r=0.87, P<0.05). Meanwhile, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of echocardiography in detecting regional wall motion abnormalities were higher with contrast than those without (73.4%, 70%, 71.9% and 55.2%, 45.6%, 50.9%, respectively). Conclusion: Real-time contrast echocardiography can more precisely delineate left ventricular endocardial border and enhance the myocardial opacification, improving the accuracy in detection of the global and regional left ventricular function.

Objective To investigate the relationship between scattered or single lesion of acute cerebral infarction in middle cerebral artery territory on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and stenosis of middle cerebral artery (MCA) or internal carotid artery (ICA). Methods With exclusion of cardioembolism, 73 consecutive patients with acute cerebral infarction of the unilateral MCA territory on DWI were analyzed. All patients got magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and angiography (MRA) within 24 hours after onset, and 7 patients also had digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The patients were classified into single lesion group or scattered lesions group according to the DWI findings. The incidence of stenosis or occlusion of ipsolateral MCA, intracranial and extracranial ICA were compared between the two groups. Results 42 patients had scattered lesions and 31 patients had single lesion. The scattered-lesions group had a high incidence of ipsilateral extracranial ICA or MCA occlusion or severe stenosis ( 25.6%versus 0, x2 = 10.6, P = 0.001 ) and a high incidence of ipsilateral intracranial ICA or MCA moderate or mild stenosis (31.0% versus 9.7% ,x2 =4.717, P =0.03 ). A positive correlation was found between the scattered lesions and severe or multifocal stenosis of ipsilateral ICA and MCA ( OR: 13.7, 95% CI: 3.6 to 52.5). There was a low incidence of absence of extra- and intracranial stenosis on MRA or DSA in the scattered-lesions group ( 11.9% versus 32.3%, x2= 4.526, P = 0.033 ). A negative correlation was found between the scattered lesions and absence of large-artery stenosis ( OR: 0.284, 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.94).Conclusions ( 1 ) Patients with acute cerebral infarction and scattered lesions on DWI were more likely to suffer from stenosis or occlusion of ICA or MCA, especially over the extracranial ICA. (2) Patients with single lesion were less likely to have severe or multiple stenosis of MCA and ICA, indicating the relevance of small-vessel pathogenesis.

OBJECTIVE:Inhaled glucocorticoids(GC) are the first-line medicine for bronchial asthma during relieve phase, thereby this study was designed to explore if patient tends to suffer osteoporosis due to long term inhalation of glucocorticoids. DATA SOURCES:Literatures about GC and osteoporosis were computer-searched in Medline and Embase from January 1980 to December 2003, with the key word of " asthma, bone density, bone metabolism and inhaled glucocorticoids" and language limited to English.Meanwhile it was also computer-searched in CBM, CBM disc and manually searched in Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation between January 1990 and April 2004 with language limited to Chinese. DATA SELECTION: Literatures about the comparison of bone density and bone metabolic change between inhaled GC group and control group were consorted deleting randomized controlled trial(RCT) so as to look up the whole content of healthy controls;While patients in the treatment group received GC inhalation.Exclusive standards:obvious non-RCT. Quality assessment is mainly focused on the reality of data,the strictness of design and implementation,and the rationality of statistical management. DATA EXTRACTION:Totally 30 randomized and nonrandomized studies about the influence of inhaled GC on the bone density and bone metabolism of patients with asthma were referred to amongst which 18 studies were admitted with the other 12 excluded for similarity in content in 8 and Meta-analysis in 4. DATA SYNTHESIS:A total of 1 153 asthmatic patients in 18 studies were divided into GC inhalation group and non-inhalation control group for comparing the difference of bone density and/or bone metabolism between them. CONCLUSION:Although the results of studies on the influence of long-term inhaled GC on bone quantity were different, but there was still not enough evidence to demonstrate that osteoporosis was due to long-term GC inhalation.

Anthranilic acid in the leaves of Isatidis indigotica Fort. was determined by first orderderivative UV spectrophotometry. The average recovery was 96.66％ and the coefficient of deviation was1.09％. The method showed no significant difference as compared with high performance capillary elec-trophoresis at 95％ confidence level. The method is simple, rapid and accurate.

The development of multidrug resistance (MDR) to chemotherapy remains a major trouble in the treatment of tumors,and the mechanisms of MDR are complicated.The classic mechanisms involve the overexpression of multidrug resistance-associated protein,inhibition of cell apoptosis,abnormality of enzyme system and gene repair.Studies in recent years have shown that the mechanisms of MDR are also closely related with tumor stem cells,tumor microenvironment and abnormality of signal transduction pathways.

Acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32E (ANP32E) belongs to a family of acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32, and participates in a broad range of biological processes. ANP32E is similar to ANP32A in structure. It has been suggested that the nueleo-cytoplasmic shuttling might be regulated by phosphorylation. ANP32E is able to inhibit the activity of PP2A. Recent findings indicate ANP32E acts as a tumor suppressing gene in mice fibrosarcoma, and is correlated with lung metastasis in the tumorigenesis of breast cancer. But the mechanism is not yet clear.

As the basic resource in the China medical system, the importance of medical personnel’s enthusiasm is graduate playing significant role in the process of health reform. Through the prospective of salary system for medical personnel, it analyzed the current situation and problems of the low salary of medical staff, the unreasonable distribution of salary elements, the imbalanced structure of salary and so on. It also put forward the following proposals as to determine the reasonable salary with dynamic regulation for the medical staff, to ascend the position value and to establish a guaranteed and flexible salary structure and so on.