OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of root saponins of Panax notoginseng(RPNS) on different voltage-dependent calcium and potassium ion channels. METHODS By using the two-elec?trode voltage clamp (TEVC), the effect of RPNS 0.01, 0.06, 0.1, 0.6, 1 and 4 g · L- 1 was investigated on Cav1.2,and the effect of RPNS 1 g · L-1 was evaluated on Cav2.1,Cav2.2,Cav3.1, KCNH2,KCNQ1,KCNQ1/KCNE1 and BK channel. All the ion channels examined were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. RESULTS TEVC suggested that the effect of RPNS on Cav1.2 exhibited the concentration-response relationship and its EC50 was 0.048 g · L-1. Compared with cell control,TEVC also showed that RPNS 1 g·L-1 had obviously inhibitory effect on Cav1.2,Cav2.2 and Cav3.1,and the inhibitory rate of RPNS 1 g · L-1 on the peak current of Cav1.2,Cav2.2 and Cav3.1 was(57.1 ± 8.6)%, (17.2 ± 0.7)% and(50.2 ± 7.7)%(P<0.01),respectively. RPNS 1 g · L-1 had obviously activated effect on BK channel,and the activated rate of RPNS 1 g·L-1 on the peak current of BK channel was(37.9± 2.7)%(P<0.01). RPNS 1 g·L-1 showed no significant effect on Cav2.1,KCNH2,KCNQ1 and KCNQ1/KCNE1. CONCLUSION RPNS may effectively inhibit Cav1.2 and Cav3.1,activate BK channel,but have little effect on Cav2.1,Cav2.2,KCNH2,KCNQ1 and KCNQ1/KCNE1.

Benzene ; toxicity ; Carcinogens ; toxicity ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Leukemia ; chemically induced ; genetics

Objective To investigate precipitants of epileptic seizure, and to explore the correlation between various precipitants and relationship between precipitants and clinical features of epilepsy.Methods Data were collected from 154 patients attending a tertiary-care epilepsy clinic of Nanjing Brain Hospital between April 2015 and April 2016.The patients with epilepsy were older than 16 years, had a clinical history of one year or more, and one seizure at least a year and one seizure at least in the latest three months.An enclosed questionnaire was combined with open interview to identify and characterize seizure precipitants and clinical characteristics of patients.Patients were asked respectively whether there were some precipitants three months before and during last three months.Correlation between seizure precipitants and relationship between precipitants and clinical characteristics, such as age, gender, course, seizure frequency and so on, were calculated.Results A total of 125 (81.2%) participants reported at least one precipitant.Common precipitants (in descending order) were as follows: emotional stress (56.0%), sleep disorder (38.4%), fatigue (27.2%), missed medication (20.0%).There were one to six different precipitants for one patient, and 60.8% of patients had two or more precipitants.There was a correlation between emotional stress and sleep disorders as well as fatigue (χ2=4.665, 8.668;P<0.05).Patients with idiopathic epilepsy were more sensitive to sleep disorders.There was no relationship between total precipitants and clinical features such as age, gender, age of onset, duration, type of seizure, seizure frequency, number of drug taking and so on.Conclusions Seizure precipitants were found widespread.The most common precipitants were found to be emotional stress, sleep disorders, fatigue and missed medication.There existed a correlation between emotional stress and sleep disorders as well as fatigue.There was no connection between total precipitants and patient′s demographic characteristics as well as clinical features.However, the type of seizure precipitants was different in patients with different demographic and clinical characteristics.

Objective To investigate the Huatan Huoxue Jiangqi prescription in treating AECOPD clinical curative effect. Methods 123 patients with AECOPD were randomly divided into the treatment group and the control group. The two groups were treated with western medicine, and the treatment group added with Chinese herbal medicine treatment with Huatan Huoxue Jiangqi prescription. The syndrome effect, clinical symptom score, CAT score, mMRC classification, lung function, the serum FIB and CRP levels were obtained to evaluate the efficacy of the two groups before and after treatment. Results The syndrome effect of the treatment group was significantly better than that of the control group. Compared with the control group, there was significant difference between traditional Chinese medicine syndrome score, CAT score (P < 0.05); Lung function (including FEV1, FEV1%, FEV1/FVC) was significantly improved in the treatment group after treatment (P < 0.05). The serum FIB and CRP levels decreased significantly in the treatment group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Huatan Huoxue Jiangqi prescription has reliable effets on treating AECOPD.

Objective To study the pelvic fascia related to pelvic autonomic nerve and detect the anatomical localization of pelvic autonomic nerve by marker in adult male.Methods Twelve pelvises of adult male harvested from cadavers were studied by dissection.Results Hypogastric nerve was embedded in the posterior leaf of the visceral pelvic fascia.Pelvic plexus was situated between vesicohypogastric fascia and visceral fascia.Pelvic nerve branch of seminal vesicle and prostate was located at the anterolateral part of Denonvilliers fascia.Sacral promontory,ureter,junction of Denonvilliers fascia,visceral fascia and seminal vesicle could be regarded as anatomical markers for pelvic autonomic nerve.Conclusion The anatomical characteristics of pelvic autonomic nerve can be used for protecting and isolating pelvic autonomic nerve in total mesorectal excision of adult male.

Objective To explore the effect of different processing and drying methods of corn and hot pepper on fluorine content in coal-burning type of the endemic fluorosis areas, and to screen food processing and drying methods which meet the quality requirements of grain drying and able to effectively reduce the total fluoride intake of local population. Methods Farmers of endemic fluorosis area in Bijie, Guizhou province were divided into 3 groups: sun-baked drying group, stove drying group with air-tight cover and stove drying group with no cover, 10 households in each group. Corn and fresh hot pepper and samples dried for 2 weeks, or 1, 3, 6-month were collected, and water and fluoride content were detected, and the total daily fluoride intake were calculated in accordance with the "Determination of Water in Food" (GB/T 5009.3-2003) and "Determination of Fluorine in Foods"(GB/T 5009.18-2003). Results Fluoride content in fresh corn and dried for 2 weeks, or 1, 3, 6-month [of sunbaked drying group: (1.40 ± 0.16), (1.56 ± 0.14), (2.15 ± 0.47), (2.70 ± 0.64), (4.06 ± 1.75)mg/kg, stove drying group with air-tight cover: (1.41 ± 0.16), (2.39 ± 0.56), (4.60 ± 0.97), (8.46 ± 5.55), (11.36 ± 3.60)mg/kg,stove drying group with no cover: (1.40 ± 0.13), (4.69 ± 3.97), (4.47 ± 2.77), (9.65 ± 6.47), (26.12 ± 14.52)mg/kg] and pepper[sun-baked drying group: (5.41 ± 1.61), (16.60 ± 7.62), (32.60 ± 7.88), (50.26 ± 17.60),(240.20 ± 272.49)mg/kg, stove drying group with air-tight cover: (754 ± 2.95), (3238 ± 11.50), (119.18 ± 156.45),(224.00 ± 196.58), (495.70 ± 417.29)mg/kg, stove drying group with no cover: (4.82 ± 1.25), (44.30 ± 13.48),(122.89 ± 66.43), (334.23 ± 166.05), (531.01 ± 397.40)mg/kg] increased with elongation of drying time, and the group difference was significant(F = 44.77, 128.71, 126.87, 41.61, 53.63, 170.63, all P ＜ 0.05), with the largest rate of increase in stove drying group with no cover, and the lowest in sun-baked drying group;fluoride was significantly lower (t = 7.93,63.07,5.36,11.98,55.76,7.45, all P ＜ 0.05) after sample washing;total fluoride intake per person per day was 2.57 mg in local adult when ate washed and sun-baked corn, peppers, the total fluoride intake were 5.92, 8.14 mg when ate the food processed by other two drying methods and washed corn, peppers,respectively. Conclusions In the coal-burning type of fluorosis endemic area, should take appropriate health education measures, and instruct local residents to use sun bake their edible corn and pepper for human consumption, and cultivate a habit of washing corn and pepper before cooking, which can reduce the population total fluoride intake, and control endemic fluorosis.

China ; Heart Transplantation ; methods ; Humans

OBJECTIVETo optimize the method in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for determining Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma.

METHODTanshinone II(A) and salvianolic acid B were selected as the index in optimization of the sample preparation method of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Orthogonal test was used to optimize the extraction process of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, and concentration of contents were detected by high performance liquid chromatography method. A detection of using methanol-water (85: 15) at wavelength of 270 nm was employed for tanshinone II(A) and a detection of using methanol-acetonitrile-formic acid-water (30:10:1: 59) at wavelength of 286 nm was employed for salvianolic acid B.

RESULTThe optimized extraction process of tanshinone II(A) and salvianolic acid B was: extracted by 90% methanol and reflux twice (0.5 h each time) at 75 degrees C, extracted by 70% methanol and reflux twice (1.5 h each time) at 75 degrees C, respectively.

CONCLUSIONOptimized extraction and determination methods could be used to reflect the content of tanshinone II(A) and salvianolic acid B in Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma more accurately and efficiently.

Benzofurans ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Diterpenes, Abietane ; analysis ; Rhizome ; chemistry ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; chemistry ; Temperature

OBJECTIVETo investigate the influence of pinacidil preconditioning on the protection of the structure and respiratory function of injured myocardial mitochondria in scalded rats.

METHODSSeventy-five healthy Wistar rats, weighed 250 approximately 300 g, were randomly divided into three groups: i.e. control (n = 9, with intraperitoneal injection of 50 microg/kg isotonic saline), scald (n = 33, with 30% TBSA full thickness scald) and pre-conditioning (n = 33, with same extent of scald injury after intraperitoneal injection of 50 microg/kg pinacidil) groups. Mitochondrial ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscope. The mitochondrial respiratory function, the MDA content and the superoxide anion level were determined with corresponding methods.

RESULTSThe degree of injury to rat myocardial mitochondria in pre-conditioning group was less intensive than that in scald group (P < 0.05 or 0.01). The respiratory control rate in pre-conditioning group was obviously higher than that in scald group (P < 0.05), and the contents of MDA and superoxide anion in pre-conditioning group were markedly lower than those in scald group (P < 0.05 or 0.01), as evidenced by their contents at 3 post scalding hours (0.60 +/- 0.09 micromol/g and 0.127 +/- 0.020) were obviously lower than those in scald group (0.83 +/- 0.07 micromol/g and 0.169 +/- 0.015) (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONPinacidil preconditioning was beneficial in the protection of myocardial mitochondria in scalded rats, and it might be related to the pre-opening of potassium channel which was sensitive to mitochondrial ATP.

Animals ; Burns ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; Cell Respiration ; drug effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; Mitochondria, Heart ; metabolism ; pathology ; Pinacidil ; therapeutic use ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Superoxides ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo explore the in vitro anti-platelet effects of Ginsenoside -2A,a purified extract from Panax notoginseng.

METHODSPlatelet rich plasma (PRP) was prepared routinely from venous blood samples of patients with essential hypertension and normal persons. PRP was incubated with different concentrations of Nifedipine, Ginsenoside-2A ,and SK&F96365. Maximal platelet aggregation rate[ PAG (M) ] induced by 2 micromol/L ADP was taken as the observed index. Five-minute PAG( M) was determined for 5 consecutive times.

RESULTS(1) PAG (M) in essential hypertension group was 0. 89 +/- 0. 06, which was higher than that in the normal group (0. 68 +/-0. 07 ) with significant difference (P <0.01). (2)Nifedipine of two concentrations (10 p.mol/L,20 pVmol/L) had no effect on PAG(M) in either essential hypertension group or normal group(P >0. 05). (3)Different concentrations of SK&F96365 (2.5 micromol/L,5 micromol/L,10 micromol/L and 20 micromol/L) could inhibit the PAG(M) in essential hypertension group; (4) Differen concentrations of Ginsenoside -2A (2. 5 micromol/L, 5 micromol/L, 10 micromol/L and 20 micromol/L) could inhibit PAG ( M) in essential hypertension group; three concentrations of Ginsenoside -2A (5 micromol/L, 10 micromol/L, 20 micromol/L) could inhibit the PAG(M) in the normal group (all P <0.05).

CONCLUSIONPlatelet aggregating function in essential hypertension patients was obviously higher than that in the normal persons and platelets was in the high reactive status. Nifedipine had no inhibitive effect on platelet aggregation. SK&F96365 could inhibit the platelet aggregation. Ginsenoside-2A could inhibit platelet aggregation, and had the definite anti-platelet action.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Ginsenosides ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Imidazoles ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Nifedipine ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology