In the report of the definition and classification subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007), inflammation was emphasized specially, and anti-inflammation therapy was also included in the treatment recommendations by severity level. Inflammation has been highly valued in the pathogenesis of dry eye recently. The management of dry eye through anti-inflammation therapy is also a hot point in recent years. What is the role of inflammation in the development of dry eye? This article mainly reviews the advancement of the study about their relevance in recent years.

Genetically modified organisms, as a high-tech product, break through the limitation of different organisms and create new organisms through gene implanting from other kinds of organisms. They not only bring great benefits to human beings but also bring some ethical issues including the effect on environment,the effect on human health,and the respect to hatural law.Moreover,this article argues some ethical issues during the process of commercialization and sale including how to maintain the consumers' benefits,the protection on researchers through potent right,the precautionary principle and label issues.

An analysis technique of steady state and stability for closed-loop PWM DC/DC switching converters is presented. Using this method, the closed-loop switching converter is transformed into an open-loop system. By means of the fact that in steady state, the two boundary values are equal in one switching period. The exponential matrix is evaluated by precise time-domain-integration method, and then the related curve between feedback duty cycle and the input one is obtained. Not only can the steady-state duty cycle be found from the curve, but also the stability and stable domain of the system. Compared with other methods, it features with simplicity and less calculation, and fit for numerical simulation and analysis for closed-loop switching converters. The simulation results of examples indicate the correctness of the presented method.

Objective To explore the pathogenesis of autism by observation of changes of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) positive neurons and the morphology of pyramidal cells in hippocampal CA1 region,and provide theoretical evidence for the therapeutic schedule.Methods Animal model of autism was obtained by Schneider method.Using the immunohistochemistry methods and image analysis,the number of BDNF positive neurons was examined in hippocampal CA1 region of the autism model rats and the normal rats,and the changes of pyramidal cell were observed in hippocampal CA1 region after HE staining.Results The numbers of BDNF positive neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region of the autism model rats were more than those of the normal rats (5.00 ±1.60 vs 3.00 ± 1.04,t =3.63,P =0.0015).The morphology of pyramidal cells showed that the pyramidal cells of the autism model rats in hippocampal CA1 region had apoptosis.Conclusion The occurrence of autism may be related to the changes of BDNF and the morphology of pyramidal cells in hippocampal CA1 region.

Analysis was conducted and rights concerning teachers,students and patients in practice teaching was defined from the perspectives of medicine,pedagogy,ethnics and law through investigating on reasons leading to problems and conflicts in medical universities' practice right.Effective solutions were proposed from the examination of doctor' s qualification,law and pedagogy.Standardization and legalization of clinical teaching was promoted from the perspective of ethnics.

The efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is the summary for the effects of traditional Chinese medicine.The effect of traditional Chinese medical pharmacology is studying the interaction mechanism between TCM and body,using the modern technical methods and guiding by TCM theories.Most efficacies of TCM are identical with pharmacological effects.The clinical use of TCM pharmacy will give a full play of treatment only by guided with the theory of the concept of the whole and treatment based on syndrome differentiation and integrated with the efficacy of TCM and the principal compatibility of medicine.

MicroRNA(miRNA) is a kind of small non-coding RNA which contents 18-25 nucleotide (nt). MiRNA plays an important role in human tumor of digestive system. Recently lots of research demonstrates that miRNA can act either as oncogenes or as tumor suppressor genes or sometimes as both. And many families of miRNAs'targets have been found. So the study of miRNA will supply a new way to the diagnosis and therapy of digestive diseases.

Objective To study the relevant position of atlas pedicle to axis lateral mass, set up a technique of C1 pedicle screw placement with the lateral mass of axis as an anatomic landmark, and evaluate the reliability of the present screw placement technique by clinical practice. Methods 50 paired atlas and axis specimens were used to measure the distance from the sagittal midline to the medial border, the midpoint (the middle point of the mediolateral border) and the lateral border of C1 pedicle and C2 lateral mass. Furthermore, the distance between the medial border of C1 pedicle and that of C2 lateral mass, the distance between the midpoint of C1 pedicle and that of C2 lateral mass and the distance between the lateral border of C1 pedicle and that of C2 lateral were calculated respectively. The technique of C1 pedicle screw fixation was established. Using the present landmark technique, C1 pedicle screws were placed in 6 patients of atlantoaxial instability, including 5 males and 1 female averaged 41 years old, with os odontoideum in 1, odontoid hypoplasia in 3, and old odontoid fractures in 2. Results The medial border, the midpoint and lateral border of C1 pedicle was averaged (1.37?0.51) mm, (1.60?0.61) mm and (2.15?0.60) mm medial to C2 lateral mass, respectively. The entry point of C1 pedicle screw in present technique was defined as the method of making a vertical line through the midpoint of C2 lateral mass, and the entry point was 3 mm under the cross point of the superior rim of C1 posterior arch with the vertical line. 12 C1 pedicle screws were placed exactly in all 6 patients, and no neural or vascular injury was observed. The postoperative radiographs and CT scans verified all of C1 screws with a good position. Conclusion There is a steady anatomic relation between C1 pedicle and C2 lateral mass, the C2 lateral mass could be as a convenient anatomic landmark to determine the location of C1 pedicle and the position of C1 pedicle screw entry point.

The clinical practice in Pediatrics of Chinese medicine is the first step of the students to combine the theory with the clinical practice. The optimization teaching methods for clinical practice in Pediatrics of Chinese medicine was formed by using Delphi method of the extensive consultation from experts in colleges and universities of Pediatrics of Chinese medicine. We used this teaching method in students of Beijing University of Chinese medicine in 2011. Comprehensive evaluation to the implementation of effect was from assessment from students and analysis of exam results. The results showed that based on the survey of the students in the practice, the students in the experimental group give more positive evaluation than the control group on the necessity, satisfaction and harvest in the clinical practice in pediatrics of Chinese medicine.

Objective To investigate the biological features of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor AG1478 on cervical carcinoma cell. Methods The proliferation of HeLa cells under AG1478 stimulation was determined by CCK8 assay. The expression of EGFR downstream signaling protein and apoptotic relative protein were examined by Western blot and transcription of apotosis?related genes were measured by RT?qPCR in AG 1478 treated HeLa cells. Nuclear transport of phosphorylated ERK were measured through ICC assay. TUNEL assay was used to determine early stage of apoptosis. Results CCK8 assay showed that AG1478 inhibit the proliferation of HeLa cells and also block phosphorylated level of EGFR ,ERK and AKT. Furthermore ,nuclear transport of phosphorylated ERK upon EGF stimulation were blocked and pro?apoptotic proteins were up?regluated with activat ed cleaved Caspases. Conclusion AG1478 inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis in HeLa cells and it could be a potential therapeutic drug for cervical carcinoma.