Objective: To investigate the mortality and years of life lost due to drowning in Huzhou City from 2012 to 2021, so as to provide insights into drowning prevention and control. Methods: The mortality surveillance data on drowning in Huzhou City from 2012 to 2021 were collected from the Zhejiang Chronic Disease Surveillance Information Management System. The crude mortality and standardized mortality of drowning by the 2010 population census data in 2010, years of potential life lost (YPLL) and working years of potential life lost (WYPLL) due to drowning were calculated. In addition, the annual percent change (APC) was used to analyze the trends in drowning mortality and the rate of YPLL and WYPLL in Huzhou City from 2012 to 2021. Results: A total of 1 681 deaths occurred due to drowning in Huzhou City from 2012 to 2021, accounting for 9.11% of total injury deaths. The overall mortality and standardized mortality of drowning were 6.35/105 and 4.70/105, respectively, and mortality and standardized mortality of drowning were 6.95/105 and 5.44/105 in men and 5.76/105 and 3.98/105 in women, respectively. The highest mortality of drowning was found in residents at ages of 65 years and older (16.04/105 to 27.02/105), followed by in residents at ages of less than 5 years (2.54/105 to 16.37/105). The overall mortality of drowning was 5.29/105 to 7.21/105 among residents in Huzhou City from 2012 to 2021, and no significant change tendency was seen (APC=-2.18%, t=-2.085, P=0.071). The standardized mortality of drowning reduced from 6.10/105 to 3.69/105 (APC=-4.88%, t=-4.215, P=0.003). In addition, the YPLL and rate of YPLL, and WYPLL and the rate of WYPLL due to drowning mortality were 22 620.50 person-years, 0.10%, 17 956.50 person-years and 0.08% in Huzhou City from 2012 to 2021, respectively, and the rates of YPLL (APC=-6.95%, t=-3.203, P=0.016) and WYPLL (APC=-7.60%, t=-3.126, P=0.014) both appeared a tendency towards a decline from 2012 to 2021. Conclusions The standardized mortality of drowning and rate of YPLL appeared a tendency towards a decline among residents living in Huzhou City from 2012 to 2021, and residents at ages of 65 years and older and less than 5 years are high-risk populations for management of drowning mortality.

Objective To study the impact and mechanism of continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) in different uhrafihration rates on plasma cytokines in porcine endotoxemic shock. Methods Eighteen anesthetized mechanically ventilated pigs weighing 21-34 kg were randomly divided into three groups. In control group (n=6), the pigs received a 15.7 μg/kg endotoxin (E.coli 0111:84) infusion. In CVVH group (n=6) and high volume hemofihration (HVHF) group (n=6), the pigs received CVVH after the endotoxin infusion for 24 hours with an was taken before endotoxin infusion and at 0, 1, 6, 12, 24 h during CVVH. The plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-18 were tested by ELISA. Results The survival time in control group was (15.4±5.2) h,CVVH group was (21.4±7.1) h,HVHF group was (22.4±6.7) h. The survival time in CVVH and HVHF group was significantly longer than that of control group (P< 0.05 ). Heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP) and cardiac output (CO) showed no significant differences among three groups. Plasma BUN and Ser increased gradually after the establishment of porcine endotoxemic shock model. BUN and Scr of CVVH and HVHF group were lower compared to control group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between CVVH and HVHF group (P>0.05). Plasma TNF-α and IL-6 peaked at T1, IL-10 peaked at TO, then they declined gradually. While IL-18 increased at TO and did not change after TO. A significant decrease of plasma IL-10 level was observed at T6, T12 and T24 in CVVH group compared with control group (P<0.05). HVHF group accomplished a greater decrease in plasma TNF-α (T6) and IL-10 (T6, T12, T24) levels compared with control group and CVVH group (P< 0.05). The levels of IL-6 and IL-18 showed no significant differences among three groups. There was a negative correlation between IL-6 and survival time (P<0.05). Conclusions HVHF and CVVH can prolong the survival time of porcine endotoxemic shock. IL-10 can be removed effectively with CVVH and HVHF. HVHF can also remove TNF-α effectively. CVVH and HVHF treatment can both remove BUN and Scr effectively. IL-6 is a powerful independent predictive factor for survival time of porcine endotoxemic shock.

Objective To explore the interaction between warfarin and antiepileptic drugs such as carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine.Methods A 78-year-old woman suffered from warfarin resistance after initial warfarin dosing for several days.Based on her medication review,clinical pharmacist found that the warfarin resistance resulted from co-administered carbamazepine.Her warfarin dosage was increased,and the international normalized ratio (INR) increased to the target range.Another woman had been taking warfarin therapy for long time with a stable maintenance dose.She consulted clinical pharmacist for the influence of co-administered oxcarbazepine on warfarin.The patient was advised to maintain the dose and monitor her INR more closely.Her INR did not fluctuate.Results Carbamazepine induced warfarin metabolism.As a result,the patient needed increased dosage of warfarin to maintain the INR in the therapeutic target range.Oxcarbazepine does not induce liver enzymes,and therefore the INR did not fluctuate.Conclusion Carbamazepine may reduce the efficacy of warfarin.Oxcarbazepine offers a clinical advantage over carbamazepine,especially when co-administration of warfarin is required.

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the formulation of Mirabegron sustained-release tablets. METHODS:Using polyethylene oxide(PEO)and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose(HPMC K4M)as the sustained release matrix,Mirabegron sustained-release tab-lets were prepared by powder direct compression technology. Using 1,3,5,7 h accumulative release rate as indexes,the amounts of PEO,HPMC K4M and OPADRY? were optimized by composite design-response surface method,and then validated. Accumula-tive release rates of sustained-release tablet and original tablet (MyrbetriqTM) were compared in different pH mediums (water,pH 1.0 simulated gastric fluid,pH 4.5 acetate buffer solution,pH 6.8 phosphate buffer solution) at different rotation rates (100,50 r/min),and similiar factor f2 was calculated to fit drug release model of sustained-release tablet. RESULTS:In the optimized firmu-lation each Mirabegron sustained-release tablet contained mirabegron 25 mg,PEO 108.02 mg,HPMC K4M 21.69 mg,OPADRY? 2.27%. Relative error of accumulative release rates at 1,3,5,7 h to predicted value were 4.78%,3.48%,0.69% and -1.41%, respectively. f2 of release curves of sustained-release tablet and original tablet were higher than 65 in different pH medium at differ-ent rotation rates. The drug release of sustained-release tablet was fitted to zero-order release equation. CONCLUSIONS:Mirabe-gron sustained-release tablet by optimized technology is similar to original tablet in drug release behavior.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of comorbidity of chronic diseases among hypertensive patients with uncontrolled blood pressure in Huzhou City, so as to provide insights into community hypertension control. Methods: Hypertensive patients with uncontrolled blood pressure at ages of 35 to 74 years were sampled using a cluster random sampling method from 5 districts (counties) of Huzhou City. Participants' demographics, living behaviors, and development of chronic diseases were collected using questionnaires, and the height, body weight, waist circumference and blood pressure were measured. Blood glucose, blood lipid and other biochemical parameters were detected, and the number and combination of comorbidity of chronic diseases were descriptively analyzed. Factors affecting the comorbidity of chronic diseases were identified using a multivariable ordinal logistic regression model. Results: A total of 1 215 respondents were included, with a mean age of (60.83±7.76) years, and including 652 men (53.66%) and 563 women (46.34%). The prevalence of dyslipidemia, diabetes, hyperuricemia and cardiac encephalopathy was 45.10%, 30.95%, 23.05% and 5.10%, respectively. The prevalence of comorbidity of chronic diseases was 69.22% among respondents, and there were 497 respondents with one comorbidity (40.91%), 272 with two comorbidities (22.39%) and 72 with three and more comorbidities (5.93%). Hypertension+dyslipidemia (20.74%), hypertension+diabetes+dyslipidemia (9.96%) and hypertension+diabetes+dyslipidemia+hyperuricemia (4.36%) were predominant comorbid combinations. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression analysis showed that participants with overweight (OR=1.782, 95%CI: 1.390-2.286), obesity (OR=2.411, 95%CI: 1.802-3.222), grade 2 hypertension (OR=1.438, 95%CI: 1.077-1.919) had a higher risk of multiple comorbidities than those with normal body mass index and controlled blood pressure, and women (OR=0.563, 95%CI: 0.456-0.696) had a lower risk of multiple comorbidities than men. Conclusions The prevalence of comorbidity of chronic diseases was 69.22% among community hypertensive patients with uncontrolled blood pressure in Huzhou City, and the comorbidity of chronic diseases mainly included dyslipidemia and diabetes. Men, overweight, obesity and hypertension resulted in a high risk of comorbidity of chronic diseases.

Objective To study interdialytic body weight gain(IBWG)in maintenance hemodialysis(MHD)patients,and to analyze the associated factors. Methods A total of 269 patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis were enrolled in this cross-sectional study.The patients were divided into two groups according to the percentage of IBWG(PIBWG:interdialytic body weight gain/dry weight×100%):PIBWG＞3.50%(190 cases)and PIBWG≤3.50%(79 cases).Associated factors of IBWG were analyzed. Results The average IBWG of 269 MHD patients was(2.42±1.01)kg(0-6.33 kg),and PIBWG was(4.25±1.79)%.In male patients,IBWG was (2.45±1.09)kg,and PIBWG was(3.99±1.79)%.In female patients,IBWG was(2.39±0.85)kg,and PIBWG was(4.64±1.74)%which was significantly higher compared to males(P＜0.01).Patients with PIBWG＜3.00%accounted for 20%,with PIBWG≥3.00%to＜5.00%accounted for 50%,with PIBWG≥5.00%accounted for 30%.Compared to patients with PIBWG＞3.50%,those with PIBWG≤3.50%were characterized by elder age(year)(60.50 ±14.49 vs 54.07±13.78),more males(70.88%vs 54.74%),shorter dialysis duration(month)(41.03±41.92 vs 58.83±43.57),larger BMI(kg/m2)(22.67±3.36 vs 20.91±3.25)and less dry weight(kg)(56.69±10.94 vs 62.82±10.97),more residual urine(ml,In)(6.19±0.94 vs 5.48±0.8),lower predialysis serum β2MG(mmol/L)(31.61±9.82 vs 38.54±10.38)and phosphorus(mmol/L)(1.92±0.66 vs 2.15±0.58).Correlation analysis revealed that PIBWG was positively correlated with dialysis duration,Scr,BUN,β2-MG,phosphorus,decrease and decrease percentage of BP during hemodialysis,and negatively correlated with age,dry weight,BMI,residual urine,and pre-dialysis SBP,MAP. Conclusions PIBWG of about 70%of our patients was below 5%.Young.female.low BMI and dry body weight,long dialysis duration,low residual urine,chronic glomerulonephritis and diabetic nephropathy are associated with more IBWG,which may lead to greater intradialytic BP fluctuation.

Objective To identify the efficacy and safety of aspirin in reducing the serum high sensitivity C reactive protein(hsCRP)level and preventing the internal arteriovenous fistulas(AVF)embolism in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Methods One hundred and ten hemodialysis patients using AVF more than 3 months were randomly divided into 2 groups,the intervention group(n=55,received aspirin 100 mg/d)and the control group(n=55).Examinations were performed at baseline and 6-month after treatment.Serum hsCRP level,platelet aggregates ratio(PAR),coagulation and inflammation indicators were measured.AVF embolism and the adverse events were monitored. Results Six months later.PAR and hsCRP level of the intervention group patients aged≤60 years decreased significantly [(68.14±8.45)%vs (82.37±9.12)%;(4.79±4.81)mg/L vs(6.94±10.26)mg/L,all P＜0.05],and were significantly lower as compared to.the control group[(68.14±8.45)%vs(74.7±11.50)%,(4.79±4.81)mg/L vs(5.12±9.25)mg/L,all P＜0.05].There were 2 cases of AVF embolism occured in both groups,which showed no statistical difierence (P=0.676).The incidence of adverse effeets was higher in the intervention group than that in the control group but no statistical significance was found (20.0%vs 7.2%,P=0.052),while the mortality rate had no difference between 2 groups (3.6%vs 0,P=0.495).Conclusion Use of aspirin 100 mg/d for 6 months can significantly reduce the serum hsCRP level and PAR in hemodialysis patients under 60-year-old without serious adverse reactions.

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and prevention management of death events caused by infections in end-stage renal disease (ESRD)patients undergoing hemodialysis. Methods Clinical data of ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis in Nephrology Department of Zhongshan Hospital from 1998 to 2008 were retrospectively studied.Death causes,primary diseases,complications,infections,and survival time were analyzed. Results A total of 252 patients died including 162 males(64.29%)and 90 females(35.71%).Average death age was (63.48±14.77)years.In death events,emergency dialysis accounted for 59.52%,and primary glomerular disease was the major primary diseases(27.23%),then diabetic nephropathy(16.90%)and hypertensive nephrosclerosis (14.55%).34.8%death was caused by infections or promoted by infections,secondly by cerebrovascular events(23.6%).The elderly accounted for the majority of infection-associated deaths.48.15%and 38.71%patients with deaths caused or promoted by infections respectively had shorter dialysis duration(<3 months),whose percentage was much higher than those with non-infection-associated deaths (30.34%).Primary infection was still pulmonary infection(77.59%),then blood infection(10.34%)and catheter-associated infection(5.17%).58.62%infection-associated deaths had positive microbiologic test results,and gram negative bacillus accounted for 38.24%.50% of patients with positive test was complicated with fungal infection. Conclusions Infection is a main cause and a critical promotion to death in ESRD hemodialysis patients,besides it is the main cause of death in the elderly (>75 years)and hemodialysis duration within 3 months,which may result in shorter survival.Pulmonary infection and gram negative bacillus combined with fungal infection should be considered in the treatment.Prophylaxis of nosocomial infection and pulmonary infection in hemodialysis patients should be more emphasized.

OBJECTIVE:To improve the drug storehouse management model,and provide reference for hospital management reform. METHODS:Management operation of external drug storehouse management model in our hospital in 3 months was intro-duced from aspects of number of personnel,delivery timeliness as well as accuracy rate of entering and going-out storage,etc. Ef-fective and feasible solutions for developing external drug storehouse management and guaranteeing clinical drug supply were sum-marized. RESULTS:Through ensuring drug category,management level of external drug storehouse,job responsibility of related staff in hospital and pharmaceutical business companies,information platform and distribution management,external drug store-house work in our hospital was basically completed. Compared with before,it had effectively reduced the investment of human and material resources,management staff was decreased from 4 persons to 3 persons;and purchased drugs could be completely deliv-ered within the specified time. CONCLUSIONS:Under the circumstances of hospital management facing constant reform,the man-agement model of external drug storehouse can be considered to reduce management cost of hospital and expand the scale of company.

Objective: To establish an evaluation index system for health education of hand,foot and mouth disease（HFMD）in nursery children by Delphi method. Methods: After referring to the relevant literature,an initial health education index system for HFMD of nursery children was established,including four first-level indicators,twelve second-level indicators and forty-six third-level indicators. Two rounds of expert consultation were conducted according to Delphi method. The enthusiasm of experts was evaluated by response rate,and the authority of experts was evaluated by authority and variation coefficient. The consultation questionnaire in the second round was based on the results of the first round and was scored again in the same way. Then the evaluation index system of HFMD health education for nursery children was finally determined. Results: Thirteen experts participated in two rounds of consultation,including four aged 40-49 years and nine aged 50-59 years;two of deputy senior title and eleven of senior title;one worked in the health administration department,six in the CDC,five in health education institutions and one in kindergarten. The two rounds of expert consultation were carried out effectively within the time set and the response rate reached 100%. In the first round,the judgment coefficient,familiarity coefficient and authority coefficient were 0.92±0.06,0.85±0.12 and 0.88±0.06,respectively. One first-level indicator,two second-level indicators and twelve third-level indicators were added,seven third-level indicators were deleted,and the contents of one second-level indicator and ten third-level indicators were improved in the first round. In the second round,the judgment coefficient,familiarity coefficient and authority coefficient were 0.95±0.07,0.88±0.10 and 0.91±0.06,respectively. The coordination coefficients of the first-,second- and third-level indicators in the second round were 0.170,0.166 and 0.283,respectively,and the coefficients of variation were all less than 0.25. After two rounds of discussion,five first-level indicators,fourteen second-level indicators and fifty-two third-level indicators were finally established as the evaluation index system of HFMD health education for nursery children. Conclusion The evaluation index system of HFMD health education for nursery children established by Delphi method has high authority and practicability,and it can be used to comprehensively evaluate the effects of HFMD health education on nursery children.