Zika virus was named after the Ugandan forest where it was first isolated in a rhesus monkey in 1947, and the first confirmed human case was reported in 1954 in Nigeria.The incidence of Zika virus disease is very low.In the year 2014, Zika virus infection appeared in the Western hemisphere, and then the virus rapidly spread to Americas, Caribbean and Pacific island countries.Currently more than 30 countries have reported Zika virus infection, and officials estimate there will be 4 million Zika infections. Zika virus disease is a self-limited disease with mild symptoms, however, Zika virus is neuroinvasive.It can be transmitted to infants from mothers who infected in the early months of pregnancy, and may cause microcephaly, retinae macula and optic nerve abnormalities.Guillain-Barré syndrome is also found as a complication of Zika virus infection in some cases.Zika virus is mainly transmitted by aedes mosquito, and no vaccine is available at present, so the prevention of its infection is difficult.This paper reviews the research progress of Zika virus infection, including virus characteristics, epidemiology and clinical feature of Zika infection in human.

In recent years,great progress has been made in treatment of patients with HCV infection with direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs).Up to now,twelve kinds of oral DAAs and three kinds of combination regimens have been approved by the U.S.Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency to treat chronic HCV infection.This article reviews the research progress of DAAs in treatment of hepatitis C,including the name of DAAs,drug targets,therapy regimen,clinical efficacy and adverse effects.

HBV infection is a major public health threat around the world.At present, clinical anti-HBV drugs,including nucleoside/nucleotide analogues (NAs) and PegIFNα, can only directly or indirectly inhibit viral replication rather than viral elimination.In recent years, medical researchers and pharmaceutical enterprises are extensively researching and developing new drugs for treatment of HBV, and a variety of drugs have entered the stage of clinical trials.This article reviews the research progress on characteristics,safety and clinical trials,as well as the development trends of several currently available anti-HBV drugs, focusing on the target points and life cycle of HBV.

The continued cross-sections of the upper abdomen of thirty abult cadavers(male 15, female 15) have been studied by sectional anatomical method. These se-ctions were studied for illustrating the corresponding relation between levels ofthe adrenal glands proper and vertebral column, and for obsering the shape, size,relationships and location of the adrenal glands in each sections.The aims of this article is to provide the anatcmical basis for clinical application

Recently,a new species of Cardiovirus was isolated from human beings,named Saffold virus (SAFV).SAFV can be divided into 11 genotypes,and its infection usually occurs in children aged ≤6 years.SAFV is spread by fecal-oral route or from respiratory tract.It can induce acute gastroenteritis,respiratory tract infection and central nerve system infection,and the latter one may result in severe encephalitis.This article reviews the characteristics of SAFV and its infection in human beings.

The origin,diversity,hemagglutinin protein and mutations of avian influenza A (H7N9) virus are widely studied recently.Although this virus is low-pathogenic in domestic poultry,it becomes highly pathogenic in human when gene mutations occur.The available evidence has revealed that the novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus is a multiple gene reassortment,and virus shedding in quail and chickens is much higher than in other species.When human infected with H7N9 virus,immune responses will be activated,and massive cytokines and chemokine are produced,which may result in secondary hemophagocytic syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction.The prognosis of H7N9 viral infection may be associated with high level of angiotensin Ⅱ in plasma and the genetic trait of individuals (carrying rs12252-C/C genotype IFITM3).This paper reviews the recent progress on H7N9 virus infection,to provide reference for the control of human infection with H7N9 avian influenza virus and the management of severe cases.

Objective To diagnose the infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa early. Methods Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the fragment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprI gene. The fragment was determined by HaeⅢ and PvuⅡ digestion, and sequencing analyses. Results It showed that 96 of 223 specimens were cultured to be positive with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 96 of which had expectant streaks. Otherwise the other specimens had no positive streaks. The procedure needed only 4 hours. The PCR products were determined by ribonuclease HaeⅢ and PvuⅡ , and resulted in two small fragments with 49bp and 112bp separately. By automatic sequencing analysis, the coincidence rate with the gene bank was 100%. Conclusions The results indicates that the OprI gene detection by PCR is a specific, sensitive and quick technique for the diagnosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.

Aim To obtain the encoding gene sequences of TEM-type ?-lactamases produced by 4-strain Klebsiella pneumoniae in Zhejian g Province, identify their genotypes and study some properties of these TEM-typ e ?-lactamases.Methods The encoding genes of TEM-type ?-la ctamases produced by 4 isolates were amplified by PCR. The purified PCR products were ligated with pGEM-T easy vectors, expressed in E. coli DH 5?, and sequenced by Sanger's dideoxy chain termin ation composition method. Compared with anino acid sequences in the GenBank,TEM -types of the ?-lactamases was determined. The genes of TEM ?-lactamases were ligated with pET-28 c vector to express recombinant proteins in E. coli DH 5?. Plasmids were extracted from the p ronucleus expression strains and PCR was performed to determine whether the pron ucleus expression was successful or not. Their phenotypes were determined by ESB Ls phenotype affirmative test. The isoelectric points (pIs) of the recombinant p roteins were determined by isoelectric focus. Conjugation test was performed to determine whether their genes existed in plasmid or chromosome. Results The encoding genes of ?-lactamases were determined as TEM by PCR. It s PCR product had 1 009 nucleotides. The pI of the novel TEM ?-lactamase was 5.4. The enzyme was determined as non-ESBLs by ESBLs phenotype affirmative tes t.Transconjugants were successfully selected from the paternal producers in conj ugation tests. The TEM-type ?-lactamase produced by 4 strains was determined as TEM-105(AF516720) by GenBank. Conclusion The ?-lactamase produced by 4-strain K. pneumoniae from 4 patients in Zhejiang Province was TEM-105. It was the first report of TEM-105 type ?-lactamase produced by 4-st ain K. pneumoniae from China in the world.

AIM: To study the effect of cholecystokinin octapeptide(CCK-8) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated pulmonary interstitial macrophage(IM) in vitro. METHODS: Pulmonary IM were isolated and cultured in the presence of LPS, CCK-8, proglumide(the antagonist of CCK receptors) and vehicle alone or together. The expression of mCD14 protein was assayed by flow cytometry, and sCD14 in the supernatant was analyzed semi-quantitatively by Western blot, and TNF-? in the supernatant was detected with ELISA. RESULTS: CCK-8, at concentrations from 10 -7 mol/L to 10 -6 mol/L inhibited significantly the expression of mCD14, the release of sCD14 and TNF-? to the supernatant up-regulated by LPS(1 mg/L). The effect of CCK-8 was inhibited by proglumide. CONCLUSION: CCK-8 modulated negatively several functions of LPS-stimulated pulmonary IM through CCK receptors, which may be one of the mechanisms for CCK-8 to alleviate the inflammation in lung tissues during endotoxemia.

Objective To evaluate clinical efficacy and safety of levornidazole in the treatment of pelvic anaerobic infections. Methods A multicenter randomized controlled clinical study was conducted to evaluate clinical efficacy and safety of levornidazole. One hundred and fourty-three patients with pelvic anaerobic bacteria infection were classified into 70 cases treated by levornidazole in study group and 73 cases treated by Ornidazole in control group. Those patients in two groups were both administered at a dose of 0. 5 g twice daily for 5 - 7 days. The rate of clinical efficacy, bacteria clearance and adverse effect were recorded and compared between two groups. Results At the endpoint, the rate of clinical efficacy were 80% (56/70) in study group and 81% (59/73) in control group, which did not reach significant difference (P＞0. 05). The rate of bacteria clearance were 97% (36/37) in study group and 92% (22/24) in control group, which also did not reach significant difference(P ＞0. 05). The rate of adverse reaction of 3% (20/70) in study group was significantly lower than 22% ( 16/73 ) in control group ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). Conclusion It is effective and safe to treat pelvic anaerobic infections with levornidazole and sodium chloride injection.