Sangjuyin， as a pungent and cooling agent with precise therapeutic effect， is a classic pungent formula for cooling relief of the epidermis， which is highly respected by medical practitioners. This formula is from the Wenbing Tiaobian written by WU Jutong in the Qing dynasty， on the basis of which subsequent medical practitioners have made additions and subtractions to apply it. The authors used the bibliometric method to systematically organize the medical books from the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China and modern literature to analyze the composition， concoction， decoction， efficacy， and previous and modern application of Sangjuyin. After examination， the drug base of this formula is basically clear. Armeniacae Semen Amarum is the dried mature seeds of Armeniaca vulgaris， family Rosaceae. Forsythiae Fructus is the dried fruit of Forsythia suspensa， family Mulleinaceae. Menthae Haplocalycis Herba is the dried above-ground part of Mentha haplocalyx， family Labiatae. Mori Folium is the dried leaves of Morus alba， family Moraceae. Chrysanthemi Flos is the dried head of Chrysanthemum morifolium， family Asteraceae. Platycodonis Radix is the dried root of Eryngium grandiflorum， family Eryngium. Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma is the dried root and rhizome of Glycyrrhiza uralensis of the Leguminosae family， and Phragmitis Rhizoma is the fresh or dried rhizome of Phragmites communis of the Gramineae family. It is recommended that the eight drugs be used in raw form as medicine. The dosage and method of decoction were converted into a modern single dosage of 7.46 g Armeniacae Semen Amarum， 5.60 g Forsythiae Fructus， 2.98 g Menthae Haplocalycis Herba， 9.33 g Mori Folium， 3.73 g Chrysanthemi Flos， 7.46 g Platycodonis Radix， 2.98 g Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， and 11.19 g Phragmitis Rhizoma， with 400 mL water added， and the solution was boiled to obtain 200 mL， taken twice a day. Sangjuyin has the efficacy of dispersing wind and clearing heat， promoting lung and relieving cough， and it is used for treating the initial onset of wind-warmth and the evidence of evil spirits in the lungs and collaterals. Modern research has shown that Sangjuyin is often used in the treatment of cough， pneumonia， rhinitis， and other respiratory diseases， and the results of this study provide a reference for the later development of Sangjuyin.

The classic formula Fangji Fulingtang is from ZHANG Zhongjing's Synopsis of the Golden Chamber in the Eastern Han dynasty. It is composed of Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix， Astragali Radix， Cinnamomi Ramulus， Poria， and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， with the effects of reinforcing Qi and invigorating spleen， warming Yang and promoting urination. By a review of ancient medical books， this paper summarizes the composition， original plants， processing， dosage， decocting methods， indications and other key information of Fangji Fulingtang， aiming to provide a literature basis for the research， development， and clinical application of preparations based on this formula. Synonyms of Fangji Fulingtang exist in ancient medical books， while the formula composition in the Synopsis of the Golden Chamber is more widespread and far-reaching. In this formula， Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix， Astragali Radix， Cinnamomi Ramulus， Poria， and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma are the dried root of Stephania tetrandra， the dried root of Astragalus embranaceus var. mongholicus， the dried shoot of Cinnamomum cassia， the dried sclerotium of Poria cocos， and the dried root and rhizome of Glycyrrhiza uralensis， respectively. Fangji Fulingtang is mainly produced into powder， with the dosage and decocting method used in the past dynasties basically following the original formula. Each bag is composed of Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix 13.80 g， Astragali Radix 13.80 g， Cinnamomi Ramulus 13.80 g， Poria 27.60 g， and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma 9.20 g. The raw materials are purified， decocted in water from 1 200 mL to 400 mL， and the decoction should be taken warm， 3 times a day. Fangji Fulingtang was originally designed for treating skin edema， and then it was used to treat impediment in the Qing dynasty. In modern times， it is mostly used to treat musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases and circulatory system diseases， demonstrating definite effects on various types of edema and heart failure. This paper clarifies the inheritance of Fangji Fulingtang and reveals its key information （attached to the end of this paper）， aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the development of preparations based on this formula.

The classic formula Fangji Fulingtang is from ZHANG Zhongjing's Synopsis of the Golden Chamber in the Eastern Han dynasty. It is composed of Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix， Astragali Radix， Cinnamomi Ramulus， Poria， and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， with the effects of reinforcing Qi and invigorating spleen， warming Yang and promoting urination. By a review of ancient medical books， this paper summarizes the composition， original plants， processing， dosage， decocting methods， indications and other key information of Fangji Fulingtang， aiming to provide a literature basis for the research， development， and clinical application of preparations based on this formula. Synonyms of Fangji Fulingtang exist in ancient medical books， while the formula composition in the Synopsis of the Golden Chamber is more widespread and far-reaching. In this formula， Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix， Astragali Radix， Cinnamomi Ramulus， Poria， and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma are the dried root of Stephania tetrandra， the dried root of Astragalus embranaceus var. mongholicus， the dried shoot of Cinnamomum cassia， the dried sclerotium of Poria cocos， and the dried root and rhizome of Glycyrrhiza uralensis， respectively. Fangji Fulingtang is mainly produced into powder， with the dosage and decocting method used in the past dynasties basically following the original formula. Each bag is composed of Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix 13.80 g， Astragali Radix 13.80 g， Cinnamomi Ramulus 13.80 g， Poria 27.60 g， and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma 9.20 g. The raw materials are purified， decocted in water from 1 200 mL to 400 mL， and the decoction should be taken warm， 3 times a day. Fangji Fulingtang was originally designed for treating skin edema， and then it was used to treat impediment in the Qing dynasty. In modern times， it is mostly used to treat musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases and circulatory system diseases， demonstrating definite effects on various types of edema and heart failure. This paper clarifies the inheritance of Fangji Fulingtang and reveals its key information （attached to the end of this paper）， aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the development of preparations based on this formula.

Houpo Sanwutang， included in the Catalogue of Ancient Classical Prescriptions （Second Batch）， was first recorded in the Synopsis of Golden Chamber written by ZHANG Zhongjing from the Eastern Han dynasty and was modified by successive generations of medical experts. A total of 37 pieces of effective data involving 37 ancient Chinese medical books were retrieved from different databases. Through literature mining， statistical analysis， and data processing， combined with modern articles， this study employed bibliometrics to investigate the historical origin， composition， decoction methods， clinical application， and other key information. The results showed that the medicinal origin of Houpo Sanwutang was clearly documented in classic books. Based on the conversion of the measurements from the Han Dynasty， it is recommended that 110.4 g Magnolia Officinalis Cortex， 55.2 g Rhei Radix et Rhizoma， and 72 g Aurantii Fructus Immaturus should be taken. Magnolia Officinalis Cortex and Aurantii Fructus Immaturus should be decocted with 2 400 mL water first， and 1 000 mL should be taken from the decocted liquid. Following this， Rhei Radix et Rhizoma should be added for further decoction， and then 600 mL should be taken from the decocted liquid. A single dose of administration is 200 mL， and the medication can be stopped when patients restore smooth bowel movement. Houpo Sanwutang has the effect of moving Qi， relieving stuffiness and fullness， removing food stagnation， and regulating bowels. It can be used in treating abdominal distending pain， guarding， constipation， and other diseases with the pathogenesis of stagnated heat and stagnated Qi in the stomach. The above results provide reference for the future development and research of Houpo Sanwutang.

In today′s increasingly serious problem of obesity, dietary changes, physical activity, drugs and bariatric surgery play different roles in the field of obesity management. Compared with minimally invasive surgery, the application of endoscopic surgery to carry out bariatric and metabolic treatment with less trauma, faster recovery, fewer complications and lower cost has gradually become a new discipline in the field of obesity management. This article will focus on the history, current status and latest progress of endoscopic surgery for obesity management and look forward to its future development.

Zhigancao Tang （also known as Fumaitang） is a classic formula for treating "intermittent pulse and palpitations" and is widely used in clinical practice. Sanjia Fumaitang， included in the Catalogue of Ancient Classical Formulas （First Batch） published by the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China in 2018， is derived from this formula. This paper employed bibliometric methods to comprehensively investigate and summarize the historical evolution， drug composition， herb origins and preparation， prescription meanings， and ancient and modern applications of Zhigancao Tang， analyzed the composition and usage of Zhigancao Tang， and discussed the reasons and applications of the "Fumaitang" variants created by Wu Jutong. A total of 47 valid pieces of data from 38 ancient texts were included. Results showe that Zhigancao Tang originates from the Treatise on Cold Damage （Shang Han Lun）， and the name "Fumaitang" is also recorded in the formula's description. Converted to modern measurements from the Han dynasty system， the recommended preparation for Zhigancao Tang includes 55.2 g of fried Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， 41.4 g of Cinnamomi Ramulus， 27.6 g of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma， 220 g of fresh Rehmannia glutinosa， 27.6 g of Asini Corii Colla， 53 g of Ophiopogonis Radix， 45 g of Cannabis Fructus， and 90 g of Jujubae Fructus. All herbs should be decocted with 1 400 mL of yellow rice wine and 1 600 mL of water until 600 mL. Once the Asini Corii Colla is fully dissolved， the decoction should be taken warm at a dosage of 200 mL， three times a day. Zhigancao Tang is effective for replenishing Qi， warming Yang， nourishing Yin， and nourishing blood and is primarily used to treat “intermittent pulse and palpitations” caused by deficiencies in heart Yin and Yang， as well as malnutrition of the heart meridian and conditions like lung atrophy. Modern applications mainly focus on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases， including arrhythmias， coronary heart disease， and premature ventricular contractions. The findings from this research provide a reference for the further development of Zhigancao Tang.

Tingli Dazao Xiefeitang is a classic formula for treating lung abscesses and thoracic fluid retention， recognized throughout history and included in the Catalogue of Ancient Classic Formulas （Second Batch）. This article employs bibliometric methods to investigate and analyze the source， origin， and key information of Tingli Dazao Xiefeitang， providing a theoretical basis for the development and application of this renowned formula. The results show that Tingli Dazao Xiefeitang first appears in Synopsis of the Golden Chamber （Jin Kui Yao Lue）， where three clinical applications are recorded. The original text clearly states that this formula is used to treat lung abscesses and thoracic fluid retention， with symptoms such as inability to lie down due to wheezing， chest and rib fullness， facial edema， inability to rest due to thoracic fluid retention， and cough inversion. This aligns with findings from ancient application research. In later generations， the methods proposed by ZHANG Zhongjing were predominantly used for medication and formulation. Modern applications of Tingli Dazao Xiefeitang focus primarily on the respiratory system， with pleural effusion being the most common condition. For the preparation and decoction， a single dose of 5 g of Descurainiae Semen Lepidii Semen （dried and mature seeds of Lepidium apetalum） processed as stir-fried seeds and 36 g of Jujubae Fructus （dried and mature fruit of Ziziphus jujuba） prepared as raw materials were recommended. Then 600 mL of water was added and Jujubae Fructus was first boiled until the volume reduced to 400 mL. After filtering out the residue， the supernatant was retained and mixed with stir-fried Descurainiae Semen Lepidii Semen， followed by boiling to 200 mL， which should be consumed all at once. This research provides a theoretical basis for the development and application of this formula.

Objective:To investigate the affinity and toxicity of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) targeted nucleic acid aptamer drug conjugate SYL3C-MMAE on human gastric epithelial cells GES-1 (hereinafter referred to as GES-1 cells) and human gastric cancer cells AGS and MKN45 (hereinafter referred to as AGS cells and MKN45 cells).Methods:The experimental study was conducted. The expression level of EpCAM in gastric cancer tissues was detected using immunohistochemistry. The mRNA expression level of EpCAM in gastric cancer tissues was detected using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-PCR). The expression level of EpCAM protein in GES-1, AGS and MKN45 cells was detected using Western blot. The affinity of SYL3C on GES-1, AGS and MKN45 cells was detected using flow cytometry. SYL3C-MMAE was synthesized through a thiol-maleimide reaction. The toxicity of drugs on GES-1, AGS and MKN45 cells was detected using CCK-8 assay. The cell cycle condition of GES-1, AGS and MKN45 cells after drug treatment was detected using propidium iodide (PI) staining. Observation indicators: (1) expression of EpCAM in gastric cancer; (2) affinity of antibodies targeting EpCAM and SYL3C on GES-1, AGS and MKN45 cells; (3) situation of drug synthesis; (4) drug toxicity and inhibition of cell cycle. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD. One-way ANOVA was used for comparison among multiple groups, and pairwise comparison was conducted using the least significant difference test. Comparison of unequal variances was conducted using the Welch' t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M(IQR), and comparison between groups was conducted using the paired rank sum test. Count data were described as absolute numbers, comparison between groups was conducted using the paired chi-square test. Results:(1) Expression of EpCAM in gastric cancer. Results of immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays showed that the positive rate of EpCAM was 82.9%(29/35) and 22.9%(8/35) in the 35 pairs of gastric cancer and its adjacent tissues (normal tissues), respectively, showing a significant difference between them ( P<0.05). Results of RT-PCR showed that the mRNA relative expression levels of EpCAM was 1.23 (4.13) and 4.04 (1.72) in 12 pairs of gastric cancer and its adjacent tissues respectively, showing a significant difference between them ( Z=-2.67, P<0.05). Results of Western blot showed that the relative expression levels of EpCAM protein in GES-1, AGS, and MKN45 was 0, 1.00, and 0.27, respectively, with the expression level of EpCAM protein in AGS cells as the standard. (2) Affinity of antibodies targeting EpCAM and SYL3C on GES-1, AGS and MKN45 cells. Results of flow cytometry showed that antibodies targeting EpCAM and SYL3C had good affinity on AGS and MKN45 cells but no affinity on GES-1 cells. (3) Situation of drug synthesis. Results of mass spectrometry showed that the drug solution of compound formed by connecting SYL3C with monomethylorestatin E (VcMMAE) exhibited a strong peak at the molecular weight position of 16 355, consistent with the expected molecular weight of the SYL3C-MMAE complex, indicating that SYL3C-MMAE was successfully synthesized. (4) Drug toxicity and inhibition of cell cycle. Results of CCK-8 assay showed that the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50) of VcMMAE on GES-1, AGS and MKN45 cells was 123.00, 30.48 and 51.83 nmol/L, respectively. The IC 50 of SYL3C-MMAE on GES-1, AGS and MKN45 cells was 241.80, 20.66 and 27.64 nmol/L, respectively. Results of PI staining and flow cytometry showed that both VcMMAE and SYL3C-MMAE could induce G2/M phase blockage in the cell cycle of GES-1, AGS and MKN45 cells. Conclusion:The SYL3C-MMAE has a good affinity on gastric cancer cells. Compared with VcMMAE, SYL3C-MMAE exhibits efficient inhibition on gastric cancer cells, but less influence on normal cells.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the optimum extraction technique and high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method to simultaneously quantify nine compounds of gallic acid, hydroxy-paeoniflorin, catechin, albiflorin, paeoniflorin, pentagalloylglucose, benzoic acid, benzoylpaeoniflorin and paeonol in . METHODS: Linear gradient elution was applied using water containing 0.1%phosphoric acid and acetonitrile as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, column temperature of 30℃ and wavelength of 230 nm. The method of ultrasound extraction was used. Methanol and ethanol were used as extraction solvents, and three factors and three levels of orthogonal experiments was designed using L (3 ) table to investigate the effects of solvent concentration, ratio of liquid to material and extraction time on the total content of nine components of . RESULTS: HPLC method was verified to have high specificity, sensitivity and accuracy through methodological validation, and it could be used for simultaneous quantitative analysis of nine components of . The results showed that the optimum extraction technology of nine components of was using 70%ethanol as extraction solvent, ratio of liquid to material was 200 mL/g and ultrasound extraction time was 30 min. CONCLUSIONS HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of nine components of is established, and the optimum extraction technology is confirmed.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Paeonia

Objective To investigate the distribution of age at onset and its influence on clinical characteristics in synovitis,acne,pustulosis,hyperostosis,and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome.Methods We recruited 164 patients with SAPHO syndrome who presented to Peking Union Medical College Hospital from Jan 2004 to Mar 2015.All the patients were assessed for medical history,laboratory tests and imaging presentations.The distribution of age at onset was analyzed using Shapiro-Wilknormality test and Kolmogorov-Smimov test for mixed normal distribution.The influence of age at onset on clinical features was analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test and x2 test.Results A double-peak mixed normal distribution of age at onset of skin lesions was found in female patients with SAPHO syndrome,with means and standard deviations of (30±6) years (early-onset) and (51 ±7) years (late-onset) for each mixed normal distribution.The cut-off point was determined to be 42 years old.Nonetheless,a typical single-peak normal distribution of age at onset of skin lesions was observed in male patients.A significantly higher frequency of thoracic region pain [14/36 (38.9％) vs 6/70 (8.6％),x2=14.28,P＜0.01,spinal lesions revealed by bone scintigraphy [23/35 (65.7％) vs 23/66(34.8％),x2=8.79,P=0.003],and peripheral skeletal lesions revealed by bone scintigraphy [17/35 (48.6％) vs 17/66(25.8％),x2=5.33,P=0.021] were found in late-onset female patients compared with early-onset ones.Moreover,female patients with late onset had significantly higher hs-CRP level [(12±12) mg/L vs (9±11) mg/L;U=911.5,P=-0.042)],pain VAS (4.8±1.8 vs 4.0±2.1;U=948,P=0.036),and BASFI (3.0±2.2 vs 1.8±2.0;U=822.5,P=0.003) at baseline than those with early onset.Conclusion Female patients with SAPHO syndrome have a double-peak distribution of age at onset of skin lesions.Female patients with early and late onset of skin lesions exhibit distinct clinical characteristics.