Radiopharmaceuticals operate by combining radionuclides with carriers. The radiation energy emitted by radionuclides is utilized to selectively irradiate diseased tissues while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. In comparison to external beam radiation therapy, radionuclide drugs demonstrate research potential due to their biological targeting capabilities and reduced normal tissue toxicity. This article reviews the applications and research progress of radiopharmaceuticals in cancer treatment. Several key radionuclides are examined, including ²²³Ra, ⁹⁰Y, Lutetium-177 (¹⁷⁷Lu), ²¹²Pb, and Actinium-225 (²²⁵Ac). It also explores the current development trends of radiopharmaceuticals, encompassing the introduction of novel radionuclides, advancements in imaging technologies, integrated diagnosis and treatment approaches, and equipment-medication combinations. We review the progress in the development of new treatments, such as neutron capture therapy, proton therapy, and heavy ion therapy. Furthermore, we examine the challenges and breakthroughs associated with the clinical translation of radiopharmaceuticals and provide recommendations for the research and development of novel radionuclide drugs.
Humans ; Radiopharmaceuticals/therapeutic use* ; Neoplasms/radiotherapy* ; Radioisotopes/therapeutic use* ; Animals

Crystal morphology significantly affects downstream processing and the solubility of pharmaceutical products. Therefore, controlling crystal morphology is of great importance in the pharmaceutical industry. In recent years, the use of additives to regulate drug crystal morphology has received widespread attention. Specific additives can influence crystal morphology by modulating crystal growth. Still, the underlying mechanisms through which additives control crystal morphology remain incompletely understood, and the application of additives for this purpose is still in the trial-and-error phase. This review discusses the mechanism of two types of additives-polymer (mainly pharmaceutical excipients) and small molecule (including surfactants and tailor-made additives)-on drug crystal morphology. These mechanisms include interfering with the attachment of solutes at the crystal-solution interface, altering the surface energy of crystals, and modifying solute-solvent interactions. By regulating the crystal growth process, these additives can effectively alter crystal morphology. This review also summarizes the application of these additives in solution crystallization, aiming to provide theoretical guidance for the use of additives in the modification of drug crystal morphology during crystallization processes.

Objective:To analyze the dietary patterns of Chinese adults and explore the relationship with serum uric acid (SUA) and hyperuricemia (HUA).Methods:A total of 9 358 adults were selected in the 2018 China Health and Nutrition Survey. Dietary intake data were collected by three consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls and weighing method. The social demographic information of the survey subjects was obtained through questionnaire surveys. The dietary patterns were extracted using factor analysis, and the relationship between dietary patterns and SUA was analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. The correlation between HUA and dietary patterns was analyzed using logistic regression analysis models.Results:Four dietary patterns were identified: northern (high intakes of wheat, other cereals,and tubers); modern (high intakes of fruit, dairy, eggs, and nuts); southern (high intakes of rice and vegetables);animal food-wine (high intake of organ meats, seafood, and wine). The multiple linear regression analysis results showed that the northern pattern was negatively correlated with SUA ( β=-0.438, 95% CI: -0.500--0.376); the modern pattern was negatively correlated with SUA ( β=-0.134, 95% CI: -0.219--0.049); the southern model was significantly correlated with higher SUA ( β=0.146, 95% CI: 0.079-0.214); the animal food-wine pattern was positively correlated with SUA ( β=0.188, 95% CI: 0.123-0.252). Logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the northern model score Q1 group, the risk of developing HUA was reduced in Q3 and Q4 groups, with ORs values of 0.777 (95% CI: 0.650-0.929) and 0.509 (95% CI: 0.423-0.613), respectively; and compared with the modern model score Q1 group, the higher the scores in Q3 and Q4 groups, the HUA was lower, with ORs of 0.793 (95% CI: 0.660-0.953) and 0.768 (95% CI: 0.631-0.934), respectively. Compared with the animal food-wine pattern score Q1 group, the risk of developing HUA was increased in both Q3 and Q4 groups ( Q3 group: OR=1.224, 95% CI: 1.012-1.480; Q4 group: OR=1.312, 95% CI: 1.086-1.584). Conclusions:Dietary patterns are associated with HUA. The northern and modern patterns are related to lower SUA levels and reduced risk of HUA, while the animal food-wine pattern increases the risk of HUA.

Objective: To explore the current status of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding tuberculosis(TB)prevention and control among high school students, and to compare differences between male and female students, so as to provide a scientific basis for targeted TB prevention and control measures in high schools. Methods: From April to May 2024, a stratified cluster random sampling method was employed to conduct an electronic questionnaire survey among 1 912 students from 10 high schools using a compiled questionnaire on KAP towards TB prevention and control. The AMOS 26.0 software was utilized to construct structural equation modeling (SEM) and compared the difference among genders. Results: The overall awareness rate of core TB knowledge among high school students in Gongshu District was 76.62%. Additionally, core knowledge about TB (6.28±1.44), prevention attitudes (6.02±1.84), and prevention practices (6.38±2.11) scores of female students were higher than those of male students (5.96±1.74, 5.59±2.21, 6.15±2.23) ( t =4.31, 4.64, 2.25, P <0.05). The SEM showed that knowledge had a strong positive impact on practices and attitudes among boys, with total effect values of 0.963 and 0.819 , respectively; while the positive influence of attitudes on practices was relatively weak, with a total effect value of 0.186. Among girls, attitudes had a positive impact on practices and knowledge, with total effect values of 0.479 and 0.222, respectively. Conclusions The pathways and strengths of influence of KAP in the SEM of TB prevention and control differ between male and female high school students. Therefore, differentiated strategies should be implemented for TB health education targeting male and female high school students.

Thyroid cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the head and neck, among which papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common. Papillary thyroid carcinoma with a diameter of ≤ 1.0 cm is called thyroid micropapillary carcinoma. In recent years, thermal ablation technology for the treatment of thyroid micropapillary carcinoma has developed rapidly at home and abroad. At present, many guidelines, consensus and clinical studies related to thermal ablation treatment of thyroid micropapillary carcinoma have been published at home and abroad. Based on the existing literature, guidelines and clinical studies, this article summarizes, discusses and analyzes the advantages, indications, efficacy, safety, and existing problems of thermal ablation therapy for thyroid cancer.

Objective:To investigate the current status of endoscopic treatment for gastroesophageal varices in portal hypertension in China, and to provide supporting data and reference for the development of endoscopic treatment.Methods:In this study, initiated by the Liver Health Consortium in China (CHESS), a questionnaire was designed and distributed online to investigate the basic condition of endoscopic treatment for gastroesophageal varices in portal hypertension in 2022 in China. Questions included annual number and indication of endoscopic procedures, adherence to guideline for preventing esophagogastric variceal bleeding (EGVB), management and timing of emergent EGVB, management of gastric and isolated varices, and improvement of endoscopic treatment. Proportions of hospitals concerning therapeutic choices to all participant hospitals were calculated. Guideline adherence between secondary and tertiary hospitals were compared by using Chi-square test.Results:A total of 836 hospitals from 31 provinces (anotomous regions and municipalities) participated in the survey. According to the survey, the control of acute EGVB (49.3%, 412/836) and the prevention of recurrent bleeding (38.3%, 320/836) were major indications of endoscopic treatment. For primary [non-selective β-blocker (NSBB) or endoscopic therapies] and secondary prophylaxis (NSBB and endoscopic therapies) of EGVB, adherence to domestic guideline was 72.5% (606/836) and 39.2% (328/836), respectively. There were significant differences in the adherence between secondary and tertiary hospitals in primary prophylaxis of EGVB [71.0% (495/697) VS 79.9% (111/139), χ2=4.11, P=0.033] and secondary prophylaxis of EGVB [41.6% (290/697) VS 27.3% (38/139), χ2=9.31, P=0.002]. A total of 78.2% (654/836) hospitals preferred endoscopic therapies treating acute EGVB, and endoscopic therapy was more likely to be the first choice for treating acute EGVB in tertiary hospitals (82.6%, 576/697) than secondary hospitals [56.1% (78/139), χ2=46.33, P<0.001]. The optimal timing was usually within 12 hours (48.5%, 317/654) and 12-24 hours (36.9%, 241/654) after the bleeding. Regarding the management of gastroesophageal varices type 2 and isolated gastric varices type 1, most hospitals used cyanoacrylate injection in combination with sclerotherapy [48.2% (403/836) and 29.9% (250/836), respectively], but substantial proportions of hospitals preferred clip-assisted therapies [12.4% (104/836) and 26.4% (221/836), respectively]. Improving the skills of endoscopic doctors (84.2%, 704/836), and enhancing the precision of pre-procedure evaluation and quality of multidisciplinary team (78.9%, 660/836) were considered urgent needs in the development of endoscopic treatment. Conclusion:A variety of endoscopic treatments for gastroesophageal varices in portal hypertension are implemented nationwide. Participant hospitals are active to perform emergent endoscopy for acute EGVB, but are inadequate in following recommendations regarding primary and secondary prophylaxis of EGVB. Moreover, the selection of endoscopic procedures for gastric varices differs greatly among hospitals.

Background According to the Classification and Catalogue of Occupational Diseases, brucellosis is one of the notifiable occupational infectious diseases, which occurs from time to time in the occupational population. Objective To compare the work-related injury appraisal process and results of 13 cases of brucellosis at both provincial and municipal levels, analyze and summarize the bias in the practical work of labor capacity identification for occupational diseases such as brucellosis by appraisal management departments and experts, and propose suggestions for optimizing appraisal work. Methods A comparative study was conducted on the objective examination results and labor capacity appraisal conclusions based on the occupational contact history, clinical diagnosis, occupational disease diagnosis staging, and labor capacity appraisal of 13 patients with brucellosis. The reasons for the inconsistency between the initial appraisal conclusion by institutions at the municipal level and the final appraisal conclusion by institutions at the provincial level were compared and analyzed. Results All of the 13 patients with brucellosis applied for municipal-level labor capacity identification after being identified as work-related injuries, 11 of which did not receive a disability level, and 2 were rated as level 10 disability. Four of those who did not receive the disability rate applied for provincial-level labor capacity identification. As a result, 2 cases were maintained original appraisal conclusions, while the other 2 changed the conclusions to level 9 disability and level 10 disability respectively. It was the first time in Shijiangzhuang municipal-level primary labor capacity appraisal and Hebei provincial-level labor capacity re-appraisal that the work-related injury caused by occupational brucellosis was rated as level 9 disability or level 10 disability. Hence, the lessons learned from this comparative analysis are that the degree of target organ damage and (or) organ dysfunction are the direct basis for work-related injury appraisal; an objective and scientific labor capacity identification for occupational brucellosis should base on the each case of disability evaluation, identify the relevant target organ damage and the degree of dysfunction, and rate the disability level after a comprehensive appraisal. Conclusion This analysis would be a guidance to the identification of labor capacity for occupational brucellosis in Hebei Province and the whole country. There is a hysteresis issue in the occupational disease provisions in the national standard GB/T 16180—2014 Standard for identify work ability—Gradation of disability caused by work-related injuries and occupatiaonal diseases. In current situation, appraisal experts should not only search for clauses that directly correspond to the occupational diseases and injuries, but also target conditions not covered in the clauses and conduct assessment based on the characteristics of occupational diseases, with scientific, accurate, and flexible application of the clauses in the standard and appendix, so as to make fair, just, and professional appraisal conclusions.

BACKGROUND:Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disease with chronic rheumatic immunity.Soft tissue ossification and fusion and spinal stiffness can cause biomechanical changes. OBJECTIVE:To reconstruct the lumbar-sacral intervertebral disc in ankylosing spondylitis patients with lumbar kyphosis by finite element analysis,and to study the range of motion of each segment of T11-S1 and the biomechanical characteristics of annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus. METHODS:The imaging data were obtained from an ankylosing spondylitis patient with lumbar kyphosis.The original CT image data of continuously scanned spine were imported into Mimics 21.0 in DICOM format,and T11-S1 was reconstructed respectively.The established model was imported into 3-Matic software in the format of"Stl"to reconstruct the intervertebral disc,and the fibrous intervertebral disc model was obtained.The improved model was further imported into Hypermesh software,and the vertebra,nucleus pulposus,annulus fibrosus and ligament were mesh-divided.After the material properties were given,the model was imported into ABAQUS software to observe the range of motion of each vertebral body in seven different working conditions of T11-S1,and analyze the biomechanical characteristics of each segment of annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The range of motion of L1 vertebrae was higher than that of other vertebrae under six different working conditions:extension,forward flexion,rotation(left and right),and lateral flexion(left and right).The maximum range of motion was 2.18° during L1 vertebral flexion,and the minimum range of motion was 0.12° during L5 vertebral extension.(2)The annular fiber flexion at L2-L3 segments was greater than the extension(P<0.05),and the annular fiber flexion at L3-L4 and L4-L5 segments was less than the extension(P<0.05).The left rotation of L1-L2 annular fibers was greater than the right rotation(P<0.05).The left flexion of the annulus was greater than the right flexion in L1-L2,L2-L3,L3-L4,L4-L5 and L5-S1 segments(P<0.05).(3)The nucleus pulposus stresses of T11-L12,L1-L2,L2-L3,L3-L4 and L4-L5 segments in forward flexion were greater than in extension(P<0.05).The left rotation of T12-L1 and L3-L4 segments was smaller than the right rotation(P<0.05),and that of T11-T12,L1-L2,and L2-L3 segments was larger than the right rotation(P<0.05).The left flexion was larger than the right flexion in the T11-S1 segment.(4)It is concluded that in ankylosing spondylitis patients with lumbar kyphosis,the minimum range of motion of the vertebral body is located at the L5 vertebral body in extension.To prevent fractures,it is recommended to avoid exercise in the extension position.During the onset of lumbar kyphosis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis,the maximum stress of the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus is located in the L1-L2 segment,which is fixed and will not alter with the change of body position.The late surgical treatment and correction of deformity should focus on releasing the pressure of the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus in this segment to avoid the rupture of the annulus fibrosus and the injury of the nucleus pulposus.

Nipah virus(NipahVirus,NiV)is a zoonotic virus that can cause encephalitis and severe respiratory symptoms in humans and animals,and is at risk of being introduced into China.At present,there are many factors related to the transmission of Nipah virus disease(NVD),but the actual effects of these factors are controversial.Therefore,with the help of meta-analysis,this paper aims to determine the current mortality and the main means of transmission of NVD,so as to pro-vide reference for the input of controlling Nipah virus disease and making emergency plans for pre-vention and control in our country.By searching the articles published in Pubmed,Embase,Web of knowledge,CNKI,VIP Chinese Sci-tech Journals Database and Wanfang Database up to December 31,2022,the literature of cross-sectional,cohort and case-control studies with NiV encephalitis fa-tality rate(CFR)and risk factors were selected.Results showed that a total of 25 literatures were included in the meta-analysis after retrieval and screening,and the fatality rate of NiV encephalitis was 64.6％(95％CI,60.8-68.2;I2=96.8％).Subgroup analysis showed that tree climbing(OR=1.43;95％CI:1.05-1.96),bats were seen near their nighttime residence(OR=2.38;95％CI:1.74-3.25)and direct contact with date palm SAP(OR=6.01;95％CI:4.07-8.89)Bananas(OR=2.25;95％CI:1.31-3.85)OR porcine(OR=11.87;95％CI:1.15-122.23)was significantly associated with NiV encephalitis.The results of this study suggest that NiV encephalitis has a high mortality rate,and tree climbing,nocturnal exposure to bats,and exposure to pig,banana,and date palm SAP increase the risk of NiV encephalitis.In order to prevent NiV transmission,epidemic surveillance,education and publicity should be strengthened and protective measures should be taken.

Objective To investigate associations between three-dimensional(3D)morphology of cervical vertebrae and skeletal mat-uration by cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT)and establish corresponding regression models for quantitatively evaluating cervical vertebral maturation(CVM).Methods The analyzed sample consisted of 358 CBCT images(175 male,183 female),of which 277 images were randomly selected as the model development group and 81 as the performance test group.Twenty-one 3D morphological pa-rameters were defined and measured,incorporating all parts of the cervical vertebrae,including the cervical vertebral bodies,transverse processes,spinous processes,pedicles,lamina,and articular processes.The cervical vertebral maturation index(CVMI)was determined by experienced orthodontists as reference standard.Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and multivariable stepwise regression analysis were used to identify the associations and build regression models.The performance test group was employed to ex-amine each model's reliability.Paired-samples Wilcoxon signed-rank test compared the CVMI of the model prediction with the reference standard.Results Three-dimensional morphological changes in various parts of the cervical vertebrae correlated with CVMI(P＜0.05).Six 3D morphometric parameters were each recognized for male and female models,three of which were identical.The adjusted R2 was 0.899 for males and 0.902 for females,with corresponding accuracies of 85.0%and 85.4%,respectively.These models showed no difference as compared with the reference standard(P＞0.05).Con-clusion New associations were found between 3D morphology of cer-vical vertebrae and skeletal maturation.The 3D-driven morphometric CVM assessment method and corresponding regression models exhibited good credibility and high consistency with experts.