Objective To optimize the microwave processing technology of vinegar Corydalis Rhizoma. Methods On the basis of single factor test, the index was evaluated by total rating of content of tetrahydropalmatine, protopine and the total alkaloid, which were determined by HPLC and UV spectrophotometry method, four factors (fire, stuffy time, processing time and dosage of vinegar) were studied by response surface, the microwave processing technology of vinegar Corydalis Rhizoma was optimized by response surface methodology. Results The optimal parameters of microwave processing technology were as follows: microwave power of 70%, stuffy time of 1.5 h, microwave time of 2.6 min, vinegar dosage of 27.5%, the content of tetrahydropalmatine, protopine, and total alkaloid were 0.112 4%, 0.041 8%, and 0.85%. Conclusion Microwave processing can be used as a processing method to enrich the traditional processing technology.

OBJECTIVEThis work lays the foundation for establishing a digital model database with normal occlusion. A digital dental cast is acquired through grating projection, and model features are measured through reverse engineering.

METHODSThe grating projection system controlled by a computer was projected onto the surface of a normal dental model. Three-dimensional contour data were obtained through multi-angle shooting. A three-dimensional model was constructed, and the model features were analyzed by using reverse engineering. The digital model was compared with the plaster model to determine the accuracy of the measurement system.

RESULTSThe structure of three-dimensional reconstruction model was clear. The digital models of two measurements exhibited no significant difference (P > 0.05). When digital and plaster models were measured, we found that the crown length and arch width were not statistically different (P > 0.05), whereas the difference between the crown width and arch length was statistically significant (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe reconstruction of a digital model by using the grating projection technique and reverse engineering can be used for dental model measurement in clinic al and scientific research and can provide a scientific method for establishing a digital model database with normal occlusion.

Objective:To analyze the secular trends of height among Chinese students aged 17 in dif-ferent ethnic minorities from 1985 to 2010. Methods:A total of 18 Chinese ethnic minorities’ students, including Mongolian, Hui, Uygur, Zhuang, Korean, Tibetan, Miao, Buyi, Dong, Bai, Tujia, Hani, Dai, Lisu, Wa, Nakhi, Tu and Qiang as subjects were sampled from the 1985, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010 Chinese National Surveys on Students’ Constitution and Health. The heights of 17 years old people by gender in various ethnic minorities were analyzed and compared. Results:From 1985 to 2010, the in-crements of adult heights increased significantly in many ethnic minorities’ boys. In 2010, the average height of boys aged 17 years in each minority group was higher than 162 cm and was higher than 170 cm among boys from Hui, Mongolian and Korean groups. The ethnics with height growth rates of more than 2 cm per decade in boys were Hui (2. 64 cm/decade) and Dong (2. 05 cm/decade) and the ethnics with height growth rates of more than 1 cm per decade were Korean (1. 99 cm/decade), Tibetan (1. 90 cm/decade), Hani (1. 80 cm/decade) and the other 9 minority groups. The average height of girls aged 17 years in each minority group was higher than 150 cm in 2010 . The heights showed an upward trend in 15 minority groups, but with different degrees. The ethnics with height growth rates of more than 1 cm per decade were Hui (1. 56 cm/decade) and Korean (1. 29 cm/decade). The increments that were signifi-cant between 1985 and 2010 were Hui (3. 89 cm), Korean (3. 23 cm), Dong (2. 35cm) and the other 6 minority groups ( P<0 . 05 ) . Conclusion: Our data suggest that the increments of adult heights may reflect the secular growth change in the major minority groups during the past 25 years, but there was an obvious disequilibrium among various ethnic minorities. We should pay more attention to the minority groups with poor growth and give them more help. Meanwhile, we should also pay attention to the nega-tive effects of the secular growth trend on those minority groups with fast increasing adult height.

Taxus canadensis distributed mainly in North America, such as northern Minnesota, Newfoundland, south to Wisconsin and Pennsylvania. Its composition has been shown to be very different from other species, and in recent years, some new skeletons also have been found in Canada yew. Through analysis of the taxanes content on various Taxus plants containing taxanes, the results showed a higher content of taxol in T. canadensis. Based on the current research on T. canadensis (from the research results of the author in recent years, as well as from studies of scholars in the field), the paper outlined the research progress in recent years on the chemical constituents of taxane of T. canadensis and the spectral characteristics of various types of compounds. Besides, this paper analyzed the present research about solutions for the taxol drug source crisis.
Animals ; Bridged-Ring Compounds ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Molecular Structure ; Plant Extracts ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Taxoids ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Taxus ; chemistry

As a clean, efficient, and renewable energy, hydrogen is regarded as a promising alternative. Because of using biomass as substrate, microbial fermentative hydrogen production can meet the need of sustainable development. The factors affecting the process of microbial fermentative hydrogen production, are analyzed in this paper on the basis of microorganisms, substrates, products and operative parameters. The parameters related to hydrogen production from organic wastes, are also mentioned.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Catfishes ; Ciguatera Poisoning ; Eggs ; adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

Objective: To analyze the prevalence of reduced visual acuity (VA) and to examine the association between reduced visual acuity and influencing factors among Chinese Han students, so as to provide bases for the prevention and treatment of reduced visual acuity.Methods: Subjects were from 2014 Chinese National Surveys on Students' Constitution and Health (CNSSCH).In this survey, 261 832 Han students aged 7-22 years participated.Unaided distance VA was measured using a retro-illuminated lgMAR chart with tumbling-E optotypes.Ametropia was determined by using serial bronchoscopy.Logistic regression was used to assess the association between reduced visual acuity and influencing factors.ArcMap 10 was used to map the regional distribution of reduced visual acuity.Results: Nationwide, the overall prevalence of reduced visual acuity was 66.6%, and was highest among the urban girls (73.5%).The prevalence of myopia was 60.8% and accounted for more than 90% among the students with reduced visual acuity.Compared with 2010 CNSSCH, the increments of reduced visual acuity were highest in the students aged 13-15 years (6.8 percentage points).The prevalence of reduced visual acuity ranged from 50.6% to 76.2% in each province (autonomous region, municipality) in 2014 CNSSCH.The top three of the prevalence of reduced visual acuity were Jiangsu (76.2%), Zhejiang (76.0%) and Shandong (75.9%), and the lowest three were Hainan (50.6%), Guizhou (53.9%) and Xinjiang (57.6%).Logistic regression showed that the girls, urban students, and students who spent ≥2 h per day in their after school homework were more likely to develop reduced visual acuity, but the students with physical activity time ≥2 h per day were less likely to develop reduced visual acuity.Conclusion: Although the situation was different in each province (autonomous region, municipality), reduced visual acuity has become a public concern affecting the health of students in China.Based on the intervention on the key populations, such as urban girls and pre adolescent students, we should also continue to strengthen the prevention and control for reduced visual acuity among all students.

Objective:To analyze the current situation of age at menarche ( AAM) in Chinese ethnic minority girls aged 9 -18 years, and compare the AAM with that of Chinese Han girls from the same province or autonomous region .Methods:Probit analyses were used to calculate the AAM in various eth-nic minority groups of Chinese girls who participated in 2010 National Physical Fitness and Health Sur-veillance .The sample size of ethnic minority girls was 31 711, and the ethnic minorities were Mongolian , Hui, Tibetan, Uighur, Miao, Yi, Zhuang, Buyi, Korean, Dong, Yao, Bai, Tujia, Hani, Kazak, Dai, Li, Lisu, Wa, Shui, Dongxiang, Naxi, Kirgiz, Tu, Qiang and Sala.The local Han girls to compare with the AAM were also surveyed in 2010 National Physical Fitness and Health Surveillance .Results:In the 13-year-old group, the percentage of menarche in Sala was the lowest (32.17%), while that in Korean was the highest (93.23%).At the age of 18, 99.60%ethnic minority girls appeared menstruating .The AAM of the top 3 ethnic minority groups were Korean ( 11 .79 years ) , Mongolian ( 12 .44 years ) and Zhuang (12.52 years); and the last 3 ethnic minority groups were Dongxiang (14.36 years), Sala (14.32 years) and Shui (14.02 years).The AAM in Korean was 0.93 years earlier than that of the Han girls from Jilin province;the AAM in Mongolian was 0 .14 years earlier than that of the Han girls from Neimenggu autonomous region;the AAM in Naxi and Qiang was close to that of the Han girls in the same province (region) (P>0.05);and the AAM in Hui, Uighur, Miao, Yi, Zhuang, Buyi, Dong, Yao, Bai, Tujia, Hani, Kazak, Dai, Li, Lisu, Wa, Shui, Dongxiang, Kirgiz, Tu, and Sala was later than that of the Han girls in the same province ( region) .The cluster analysis indicated that the 26 ethnic mi-nority groups could be classified as three groups: Korean were classified into the earlier age group of AAM;Dongxiang, Sala, Uighur, Yi and Shui belonged to the later age group of AAM;and the other 20 ethnic minority groups were into the middle age group of AAM .Conclusion:There was a large variation among different ethnic minority groups in China .The AAM was earlier in Korean , and Mongolian , com-pared with the local Han girls , and the AAM in other ethnic minority groups was the same or later com-pared with the local Han girls .

Objective To investigate the influence of abaI expression on acinetobacter baumannii biofilm formation.Methods Acinetobacter baumannii strain S isolated from bums patients was collected for the study,while the standard strain ATCC19606 was served as the control.At 6,24 and 48 hours,the gene expressions of abaI,pgaA,pgaB and pgaC were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PT-PCR,secretion of N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) by biological sensor and biofilm formation by MTT method.Results (1) Gene expressions of abaI,pgaA,pgaB and pgaC at 6 hours were 8.63 ±5.93,1.98 ± 1.93,1.01 ± 1.32 and 2.67 ± 3.46 respectively,which showed a quick increase at 24 hours (22.81 ± 17.60,5.13 ± 4.32,5.66 ± 3.97,11.97 ± 7.75 respectively),followed by a rapid decline in 48 hours (3.43 ± 0.88,1.30 ± 0.24,3.01 ± 3.00,3.02 ± 3.29 respectively).Gene expressions of pgaB and pgaC at 6 hours and that of pgaA and pgaC at 48 hours revealed statistically significant differences from those at 24 hours (P ＜ 0.05).(2) AHLs showed a level of 18.49 ± 11.03 at 6 hours,reached a peak of 52.23 ± 15.95 at 24 hours,then descended to 5.53 ± 0.94 at 48 hours.AHLs level at 24 hours showed statistically significant difference from that at 6 hours and 48 hours (P ＜ 0.05).(3)Biofilm formation at 24 hours and 48 hours was 2.83 ±0.44 and 2.71 ±0.15 respectively,far higher than that at 6 hours (0.49 ± 0.11,P ＜ 0.05).(4) In the correlation analysis among AHLs,biofilm formation and gene abaI,pgaA,pgaB and pgaC expressions,significant positive correlation was found between abaI and pgaA and between AHLs and pgaC expression (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Acinetobacter baumannii may regulate gene expressions of pgaA and pgaC responsible for biofilm formation to adjust to the external environment by means of changing abaI gene expression and AHLs secretion.

Objective To explore the clinical effect of early cognitive rehabilitation on cognitive,physical function and quality of life in the patients transferred from intensive care unit (ICU).Methods A total of 120 cases of patients who were transferred from ICU to general wards was randomly divided into the control group and the observation group with 60 cases in each group.The control group was given symptomatic treatment according to their original disease,without cognitive intervention.On the basis of the control group,the observation group was treated with cognitive rehabilitation training,2 times / week,2 h/ times,12 weeks of treatment.The cognitive function,physical function and quality of life of two groups were compared with the memory and executive screening scale (MES),the daily activity scale (ADL),and the concise Health Survey (SF-36) before and after treatment.Results Compared to before treatment,after treatment,MES,SF-36 (in addition to bodily pain) and ADL scale project score in the observation group was significantly higher,SF-36 bodily pain scores decreased significantly,all the differences were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05);Compared to the control group,after treatment,the MES,SF-36 (in addition to bodily pain) and ADL scale scores in the observation group of were significantly increased,the bodily pain score of SF-36 in the observation group compared with the control group decreased significantly,all the differences were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Early cognitive rehabilitation can significantly improve the cognitive,physical function and quality of life in the patients transferred from ICU,and it is worthy of clinical reference.