The latest developments of techniques that prolong the half-life of protein drugs were reviewed.The therapeutic potential of several proteins is limited by their rapid clearance from the body,resulting in the need for frequent treatment of individuals to maintain drug levels.Several techniques including chemical modification,protein fusion,microsphere,glycosylation,and protease-resistant variants,and so on,prevent rapid degradation of such drugs and prolong their half-lives in vivo.Several successful protein drugs with prolonged half-life have already been on the market or on clinical trials.The principles,efficiencies and scopes of application of these techniques were described,compared and discussed.

For understanding the effect of MDG-1, a water-soluble β-D-fructan polysaccharide from Ophiopogon japonicas, on intestinal microecological balance, especially on the changes of lactobacillus, sixty 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were given a high-fat diet for six weeks and were also gavaged with saline once a day simultaneously. Then the mice which is below 30 grams or dropped more than 10% through lavage were eliminated and the rest were randomly divided into four groups: diet-induced obese (DIO) model group (n = 12, gavaged with saline), low-dose MDG-1 group (n = 12, gavaged with MDG-1, 75 mg · kg(-1)) , medial-dose MDG- 1 group (n = 12, gavaged with 150 mg · kg(-1)), and high-dose MDG-1 group (n = 12, gavaged with 300 mg · kg(-1)) according to the weight and blood glucose; the model group and MDG-1 group were placed on a high-fat diet while the normal control group (n = 12, gavaged with saline) were kept on a low-fat diet through the experiment. After 12-weeks of treatment, feces samples were collected and cultured for intestinal microecological balance analysis. Then the intestinal probiotics were cultured through traditional methods combined with modified gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method. The changes of lactobacillus in each treatment group were also detected by a statistical analysis of the total number of the intestinal flora. We have established the phylogenetic tree by 16S rDNA sequencing and use some molecular identification methods such as PCR-DGGE to analyse the changes of the dominant bacteria floras, and also get the pure culture. In conclusion, different concentrations of MDG-1 can increase the number of the intestinal probiotics, especially Taiwan lactobacillus and Lactobacillus murinus, and improve their diversity and promote proliferation in a dose-dependent way.
Animals ; Biodiversity ; Diet, High-Fat ; adverse effects ; Dietary Carbohydrates ; administration & dosage ; analysis ; Humans ; Intestines ; drug effects ; metabolism ; microbiology ; Lactobacillus ; classification ; drug effects ; genetics ; growth & development ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Obese ; Molecular Structure ; Obesity ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; microbiology ; Ophiopogon ; chemistry ; Phylogeny ; Plant Extracts ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Polysaccharides ; administration & dosage ; chemistry

Objective To prepare a radiofrequency (RF) ablation probe guided by endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and to evaluate its efficacy and safety. Methods A modified 19-gauge needle ( Olympus) was used, which was electrically insulated with shrink tubing, with the tip of lcm naked. The insulation was tested, and the current signal was stable. Three rabbits were anesthetized with 8% chloral hydrate ( 3 ml/kg) intraperitoneally, fixed on the dissecting table. A standard neutral pad was applied to the thigh of the rabbit to complete the electrical circuit, both the pad and the needle electrode connected with RF generator. After anesthesia was ready, the needle was advanced through the gastric wall into the liver. Ablations were performed three times in the same zone. Extent and tissue lesion were measured after ablation. Results Ablation could be successfully performed by the needle electrode, with brown lesions surrounded by normal hepatic tissue. The mean diameter of the ablated zone in the liver was 1.0 cm× 1.2 cm. After ablation,specimens along the passage were subjected to NADH staining, and no lesions were found. HE and NADH staining showed no viable cells in the central ablation area. Conclusion With the advance of the technology and selection of materials, an EUS-guided needle electrode can be made. This preliminary animal trial demonstrates that radiofrequency ablation can be performed effectively and safely by using this EUS-guided needle electrode.

Objective To investigate the role of nurses in civil cardiac death organ donation work.Methods Cooperating,propagating and promoting in civil cardiac death organ donation; building a bridge between the families of organ donation,donor coordinators,physicians and hospital ethics committees; participating in organ donation medical ethics assessment work; cooperating with the doctors do intend to maintain organ donation,access and preservation; protecting donors remains.Results During the time of July 2011 to November 2013,we successfully completed 52 cases of civil cardiac death organ donation cooperating with doctors,and got 41 liver,which entered the national organ allocation system for distribution.Conclusions The nurses will play a more and more important role in work of civil cardiac death organ donation cooperating with doctors.

To discuss the influence of dexamethasion on lL-1β and TNF - α expression in suture - induced rabbit corneal neovascularization ( CNV ) and analyze the potential mechanism.
●METHODS: For 43 healthy rabbits, 40 were randomly selected for establishing CNV model in corneal stroma. The right eyes (group A) were received no medicine and the left eyes ( group B) were injected dexamethasone after successfully establishing the model. The no modeling 3 rabbits were normal control group. The morphologic change of corneal was observed with slit lamp microscope and the areas of CNV was calculated every day, then 8 rabbits were randomly chosen for sacrificing at 1, 4, 7, 14, 21d respectively. The pathological characteristics of CNV were observed after HE staining, and lL - 1β and TNF - α expression was detected by immunohistochemistry.
●RESULTS: CNV was grown at the 4d after suture, and the 7-14d was vigorous growth period. inflammatory cell infiltration appeared after HE staining, and CNV was located at the superficial stroma of cornea. lmmunohistochemistry results showed that lL - 1β and TNF - α expression was gradually increased with prolonged suture time. Compared with corneal stitch group, the rabbits cured by dexamethasone were found with less inflammatory cells infiltrating and neovescularization, moreover, the expression of lL - 1βand TNF-α decreased. There were statistical significance between the two groups (P<0. 05).
● CONCLUSlON: Dexamethasone can inhibit the CNV growth by controlling the inflammation of corneal and restraining lL-1β and TNF-α expression.

Background Nowadays,customized ablation is widely used in the excimer laser corneal refractive Burgery.And the Q-value guide LASIK is one of the research hotspots. Objective Present study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of Q-value guide LASIK and standardized LASIK for myopia.Methods A systematic literature retrieval from 2003 through 2010 was conducted in the MEDLINE,CNKI,Cochrane Library,EMBASE.The literature examine possible difierences in uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA),Q-value,higher order aberrations(HOAs),and spherical equivalent(SE) between Q-value guide LASIK and standardized LASIK for correcting myopia.Statistical analysis was performed using a Review Manager 5.0 software.The data was extracted,and the methodological quality was evaluated by two reviewers independently.The quality of included literature was scored according to the Jadad Scale. Results A total of 14 studies involving 1617 patients(2956 eyes)was included in the meta-analysis.Of these fourteen studies,six studies were randomized trials and the other eight studies were retrospective cohort studies.According to the Jadad Scale,2 studies scored 3 points,and the other 12 studies scored 1～2 points.The results showed that the Q-value guide LASIK group had a better postoperative effectiveness in uncorrective visual acuity(UCVA)(WMD=0.04.95% CI 0.00 to 0.08,P<0.05).Q-value(SMD=-1.52,95% CI -2.23 to-0.81,P=0.00),total HOAs (SMD=-1.63,95% CI-2.57 to-0.69,P<0.05) and spherical-like aberrations ( SMD =-1.49,95% CI-2.22 to-0. 76,P<0. 00) after surgery. However, the number of eyes achieved UCVA≥20/20 ( OR= 1.16,95% CI 0. 61 to 2. 19,P=0. 65) ,coma-like aberrations (SMD=-1. 02,95% CI-0. 36to 0.11,P=0.29) and SE (WMD=0.10,95% CI-0.11 to 0.31,P=0.34) after surgery were comparable.Conclusion The effectiveness of Q-value guide LASIK is superior to standardized LASIK for treatment of myopia.High-quality clinical randomized-controlled study should be performed to further evaluate the comparable outcome of Q-value guide LASIK with standard LASIK.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect and safety of Jinlong capsule combined with chemotherapy or radio-therapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLS) using Meta-analysis. PubMed, Embase, CNKI and Wanfang databases were all searched without language restriction, and searching time was from January 1990 to July 2015. All eligible published studies were included in this study for quality assessment and data extraction. All the data were analyzed using Revman 5.3. A total of ten studies including 736 subjects (370 in Jinlong capsule plus chemoradiotherapy and 366 in chemoradiotherapy only) were finally included in this Meta-analysis. The result of Meta analysis showed that compared with pure chemoradiotherapy group, Jinlong capsule combined with chemoradiotherapy for NSCLC could improve the patients' curative effect (OR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.29-2.43, P < 0.05), clinical benefit rate (OR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.22-2.91, P < 0.05), life quality improvement rate (OR = 2. 56, 95% CI: 1.61-4.05, P < 0.05), and decrease leucopenia incidence rate (OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0. 22-0.56, P < 0.05) and gastrointestinal reaction rate (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.40-1.11, P < 0.05). The pooled results showed that Jinlong capsule combined with chemoradiotherapy for NSCLC could improve the curative effect and life quality, and decrease the adverse reaction of patients.
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; administration & dosage ; Capsules ; administration & dosage ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; drug therapy ; radiotherapy ; Chemoradiotherapy ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; radiotherapy

Objective: To investigate the applied feasibility of scaffold with modified PLA (Polymer of lactic acid) in tissue engineering. Methods:First, we adopted salting-in method to prepare porous foam scaffold. Then, we reconstructed tissue engineering skin by epidermal cells and fibroblasts combined with modified PLA. On the 14th day of cell culturing in vitro, we was a control. Results:The arfificial skin is composed of epidermis and dermis and similar to natural skin in appearance. The skin consists of fibroblasts and keratinocytes, which are in various proliferation and differentiation stages. Fibroblasts and keratinocytes distribute on the surface of polymer of lactic acid (PLA) and the number of fibroblast and keratinocyte increase. Conclusion:Dialdehyde starches (DAS) not only improve the function of PLA but also have good effects on cells. Moreover, it does not affect the growth and the metabolism of the cells. So it is feasible to use modified scaffold to construct tissue engineering skin.

Objective: To investigate the prophylactic effect of EEN on pulmonary infection in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.Methods: 60 cases of young adults with severe brain injury were randomized into the early enteral nutrition group(experimental group) or the control group.The experimental group was feeded 12～24 hours after injury or surgery and the control group was feeded 24 h～5 d after injury or surgery.The double-sugar test method was used for determination of intestinal barrier function,and the duration of pulmonary infection was recorded.Results: The lactulose/mannitol ratio in experimental group was significantly lower than in control group on the 7th postoperative day.The average body temperature and duration of pulmonary infection in experimental group were significantly lower than in control group.According to ADL scores,the daily capacity of convalescent patients in experimental group was significantly better than in control group.Conclusion: The early enteral nutrition can improve mucosal barrier function,reduce the incidence of pulmonary infection and improve overall prognosis in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

Objective To investigate the effects of dietary consumption of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) on the control of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods One hundred and eighty-five patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from a community in Shanghai were randomly divided into MUFA intervention group (MUFA group,n=125) and control group (n=60). The patients in MUFA group consumed tea oil enriched in MUFA for 3 months,while those in control group consumed normal oil. The serum glucose (fasting plasma glucose and 2-hour postprandial glucose),fasting insulin and blood lipid were examined before intervention and three months after intervention,and the parameters were compared within groups and between groups. Results The serum fasting glucose,fasting insulin,total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol 3 months after intervention were significantly lower than those before intervention in MUFA group (P0.05),while the serum fasting glucose,total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol in MUFA group were significantly lower than those in control group 3 months after intervention (P0.05). Conclusion Dietary consumption of MUFA can improve the glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.