1.Complex and novel determinants of empathy change in medical students.
Gerald Sng Gui REN ; Joshua Tung Yi MIN ; Yeo Su PING ; Lee Shuh SHING ; Ma Thin Mar WIN ; Hooi Shing CHUAN ; Dujeepa D SAMARASEKERA
Korean Journal of Medical Education 2016;28(1):67-78
PURPOSE: Physician empathy is a core attribute in medical professionals, giving better patient outcomes. Medical school is an opportune time for building empathetic foundations. This study explores empathy change and focuses on contributory factors. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 881 students (63%) from Years 1 to 5 in a Singaporean medical school using the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy-Student version (JSPE-S) and a questionnaire investigating the relationship between reported and novel personal-social empathy determinants. RESULTS: Empathy declined significantly between preclinical and clinical years. Female and medical specialty interest respondents had higher scores than their counterparts. Despite strong internal consistency, factor analysis suggested that the JSPE model is not a perfect fit. Year 1 students had highest Perspective Taking scores and Year 2 students had highest Compassionate Care scores. High workload and inappropriate learning environments were the most relevant stressors. Time spent with family, arts, and community service correlated with higher empathy scores, whilst time spent with significant others and individual leisure correlated with lower scores. Thematic analysis revealed that the most common self-reported determinants were exposure to activity (community service) or socialisation, personal and family-related event as well as environment (high work-load). CONCLUSION: While the empathy construct in multicultural Singapore is congruent with a Western model, important differences remain. A more subtle understanding of the heterogeneity of the medical student experience is important. A greater breadth of determinants of empathy, such as engagement in arts-related activities should be considered.
Art
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Cross-Sectional Studies
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*Education, Medical, Undergraduate
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*Empathy
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Factor Analysis, Statistical
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Family
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Female
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Humans
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Male
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Medicine
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*Physician-Patient Relations
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Physicians
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Self Report
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Sex Factors
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Singapore
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Social Participation
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*Students, Medical
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Workload
2.Divergence insufficiency, thyroid disease
Khine Mi Mi Ko ; Win Kyawt Khin ; Kyaw Linn ; Aye Mya Min Aye ; Chaw Su Hlaing ; Aye Mu Sann ; Hnin Wint Wint Aung ; Myo Thiri Swe ; Cho Thair ; Yi Yi Mar ; Nway Nway ; Phyu Phyu Myint ; Ei Hnin Kyu
Neurology Asia 2018;23(3):283-286
Dengue viruses are single-stranded RNA viruses
of the Flavivirus genus. It is a common viral
infection worldwide, especially in tropical
regions. Various neurological manifestations
such as encephalitis, encephalopathy, meningitis,
acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
acute viral myositis, Guillain–Barré syndrome
and others are increasingly reported. However,
acute haemorrhagic encephalitis is a very rare
presentation. Currently, there are only few
previous case reports
3.Preliminary monitoring of concentration of particulate matter (PM) in seven townships of Yangon City, Myanmar.
Ei Ei Pan Nu YI ; Nay Chi NWAY ; Win Yu AUNG ; Zarli THANT ; Thet Hnin WAI ; Kyu Kyu HLAING ; Cherry MAUNG ; Mayuko YAGISHITA ; Yang ISHIGAKI ; Tin-Tin WIN-SHWE ; Daisuke NAKAJIMA ; Ohn MAR
Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 2018;23(1):53-53
BACKGROUND:
Airborne particulate pollution is more critical in the developing world than in the developed countries in which industrialization and urbanization are rapidly increased. Yangon, a second capital of Myanmar, is a highly congested and densely populated city. Yet, there is limited study which assesses particulate matter (PM) in Yangon currently. Few previous local studies were performed to assess particulate air pollution but most results were concerned PM alone using fixed monitoring. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess distribution of PM in different townships of Yangon, Myanmar. This is the first study to quantify the regional distribution of PM in Yangon City.
METHODS:
The concentration of PM was measured using Pocket PM Sensor (Yaguchi Electric Co., Ltd., Miyagi, Japan) three times (7:00 h, 13:00 h, 19:00 h) for 15 min per day for 5 days from January 25 to 29 in seven townships. Detailed information of eight tracks for PM pollution status in different areas with different conditions within Kamayut Township were also collected.
RESULTS:
The results showed that in all townships, the highest PM concentrations in the morning followed by the evening and the lowest concentrations in the afternoon were observed. Among the seven townships, Hlaingtharyar Township had the highest concentrations (164 ± 52 μg/m) in the morning and (100 ± 35 μg/m) in the evening. Data from eight tracks in Kamayut Township also indicated that PM concentrations varied between different areas and conditions of the same township at the same time.
CONCLUSION
Myanmar is one of the few countries that still have to establish national air quality standards. The results obtained from this study are useful for the better understanding of the nature of air pollution linked to PM. Moreover, the sensor which was used in this study can provide real-time exposure, and this could give more accurate exposure data of the population especially those subpopulations that are highly exposed than fixed station monitoring.
Air Pollutants
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analysis
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Cities
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Environmental Monitoring
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Myanmar
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Particulate Matter
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analysis