Due to the wide use of new REAL and WHO lymphoma classification and the advances in chemotherapy,the role of radiotherapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma(NHL) has been changed dramatically.Radiotherapy still is the primary treatment for patients with early stage indolent lymphoma.These patients carry an excellent treatment outcome after radiotherapy.Chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy is a standard therapy for early stage diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.For aggressive NHL resistant to chemotherapy,radiotherapy is considered a primary treatment for early stage patients with a curative intent.Patients with stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ nasal NK/T cell lymphoma have a good result with primary radiotherapy.

Early-stage Hodgkin Lymphoma(HL) is curable by extended-field radiotherapy alone. To reduce the long-term toxicities and complications with similar overall survival, randomized controlled trials of combined-modality therapy have been investigated nearly two decades. Recent years, many large-scale randomized controlled trials showed superior disease-free survival of combined-modality treatment compared with radiotherapy or chemotherapy alone for early-stage classical HL. Thus, short-course chemotherapy plus involved-field and low-dose radiotherapy is the standard treatment for early-stage HL. With this regimen,several studies have been proved that long-term complications had been reduced, but long-time results should be awaited.

Extranodal NK/T-Cell lymphoma,nasal Type (NKTL) is an individual type in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification.The reports for NKTL are relatively uncommon since the incidence of this disease is low. In recent years, the nude mice model and cell lines of NKTL were established which built up the basis of researches in molecular biology. The investigation are carried out in molecular genetic analysis of lymphoproliferative disorders,tumor microenvironment,and target therapy and so on.We reviewed those advances and concentrated on the development of NKTL molecular biology.

Objective　To investigate the radiosensitization of a new nucleoside analogue (E)-2'-deoxy-2'-(fluoromethylene) cytidine (FMdC) in vitro. Methods　Clonogenic assay was used to investigate the radiosensitizing effect of FMdC on a human colorectal cancer cell line WiDr and two cervical cancer cell lines C33-A and C4-I. The change in radiosensitivity was quantified by calculating the sensitization enhancement ratio at a clinically relevant dose of 2?Gy (SERSF2), defined as the mean survival fraction (SF) for control/mean SF for FMdC. Results　FMdC enhanced the radiosensitivity of WiDr cells in a time-course dependent manner. After treatment with 30?nmol/L FMdC for 6～72 h, no radiosensitization was observed at 6, 12 and 24 h, whereas an enhancement of radiosensitivity was seen at 48 h and 72 h. The corresponding SERSF2 was 1.33 and 1.79, respectively. With a high dose of 300?nmol/L FMdC exposed to WiDr cells for 6, 12, and 24 h, the SERSF2 were 1.19, 1.73 and 3.5, respectively. The radiosensitizing effect was dependent on the doses of FMdC. Pre-irradiation exposure of WiDr cells to 20～50?nmol/L FMdC for 48 h resulted in an increase of SERSF2 from 1.15 to 2.28. The observed radiosensitization was also confirmed on two human cervical cancer cell lines C33-A and C4-I with a SERSF2 of 1.32 and 2.08, respectively. Conclusions　These results show that FMdC is a potential radiosensitizer in colorectal cancer and cervical cancer cell lines.

There exist many studies on the radioligands for imaging of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the human brain and the most common one is the radioligand binding to α4β2-nAChRs,the main subtype of cerebral nAChRs.There are few data published in the literature on the radioligands for the imaging of α7-nAChRs,another important subtype of cerebral nAChRs.This review summarizes recent work on PET radioligands for the imaging of cerebral nAChRs.

Radiotherapy(RT) is one of the principle treatment options for prostate cancer.Modern RT and surgery show similar progression-free survival in localized prostate cancer.Adjuvant RT compared to observation significantly diminishes the risk of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression and local failure for patients at the highest risk for recurrence after radical prostatectomy,including with seminal vesicle invasion,extraprostatic extension,extensive positive margins,and detectable postoperative PSA.Salvage RT is effective at controlling local recurrence and reduces the risk of distant metastasis and prostate cancerspecific mortality (PCSM) for patients with PSA or local recurrence after prostatectomy.Hypofractionated radiotherapy of recent years' reports shows similar cancer control rates without an increased risk of late toxicity in comparison to conventional regimens.The addition of androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) to radiation improves the overall survival and biochemical progression-free survival(bPFS) for intermediate-risk and high-risk patients.

Objective In order to evaluate the present status of Radiation Oncology in China,the Chinese Society of Radiation Oncology performed the 6th continent prefecture of China e survey.Methods Questionnaire forms were sent by mail,e-mail,telephone and FAX.Results By August 31 st,2011,there were 1162 radiation oncology centers.There was a total of 30985 employees,including 9895 doctors,1887 physicists,11689 nurses,6103 technicians and 1411 engineers.There were 1296 linear accelerators,286 telecobalt units,81 deep x-ray machine,1040 simulators,376 CT simulators,317 brachytherapy units,1427 treatment planning system,1041 dosimeters,410 X-knife,and 230 γ-knife (122 for head only,108 for head and body).There were 56847 beds for inpatients (4 centers did not report the number of beds).More than 58000 patients were treated per day ( no report from 9 centers ),and 569056 new patients were treated annually (no report from 38 centers).Conclusions Radiation oncology was developed rapidly in the last 5 years,either in personnel,equipment,and new techniques.They are still insufficient in proportion to our population.

Objective To analyze the application and funding for projects in radiation oncology from National Natural Science Foundation of China ( NNSFC ) from 2006 to 2015. Methods To collect the funding information in radiation oncology from NNSFC from 2006 to 2015, a computerized search was performed in the ISIS system using a subject code of H1610 and a keyword of radiation oncology. Analyses were performed in distribution of research fields, the geographical distribution of applicants, and the properties of institutes/universities the applicants were affiliated with. Results In the last decade, a total of 435 projects in the field of radiation oncology were funded with 180 million yuan. Most projects were funded by general, youth, and regional foundation, which covered the highest proportion of NNSFC. For a single project, the amounts of funding from general, youth, and regional foundations were 530, 220, and 400 thousand yuan, respectively. The institutes/universities the NNSFC?funded projects were affiliated with were located quite close to each other. The top 10 institutes/universities in terms of the number of NNSFC?funded projects covered 53% of projects. In all projects, 88% studied basic science, which covered many hot topics in oncology including biological effects of radiotherapy, microenvironment, and stem cells. A small number ( 12%) of projects focused on physics. Top 3 cancers in terms of the number of projects and the amount of funding were lung cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and esophagus cancer. Conclusions In the last decade, the field of radiation oncology has stable increases in the number of NNSFC?funded projects and the amount of funding. The NNSFC?funded research teams are unevenly distributed, most of which are located in East China. The most popular topic in basic science studies is about biological effects of radiotherapy.

Objective To study if the dose verification technique for three dimensional conformal radiation therapy ( 3 DCRT) can be applied for simplified intensity modulation radiation therapy ( sIM RT). Methods From 1988 patients treated by sIMRT in our department,12 were chosen randomly for the study. For each case,3 differert plans of 3DCRT,sIMRT,and IMRT were worked out with Pinnacle TPS,and the dose verification for each plan was carried out with Elekta Precise LA by using 2D diode-matrix of MapCHECK Model 1175. Results For slMRT,the overall average percentages of pass points for DD(DTA) 2% (2 mm) ,3% (3 mm)and 4% (4 mm) were 90.5% ,94.8% and 98.2% reapectively,which were slightly worse when comparing with those of 3DCRT with deterioration of 1.9% (t=2.19,P=0.040) ,1.0% (t= 1.52,P=0.144) and 0.2% (t=0.05,P=0.623), but slightly better comparing with those of IMRT with increment of 2.1% (t=2.17,P=0.041) ,1.5% (t=2.62,P=0.016) and 1.5% (t=3.68,P=0.001) for 2% (2 mm) ,3% (3 mm) and 4% (4 mm) ,respectively. Conclusions The sIMRT technique simplifies the complicated dose verification procedure of I MRT. When the sIMRT technique is formally used, the procedure of dose distribution verification for 3DCRT can be used directly for slMRT.

Objective To evaluate the dose distribution of target volume and normal tissues with different treatment planning such as three dimensional conformal radiotherapy(3DCRT) ,simplified intensity modulated radiotherapy(sIMRT) ,and intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for patients with radically resected rectal cancer. Methods Ten male patients with stage Ⅱ and Ⅲ rectal cancer after radical resection (Dixon surgery) were enrolled in this study. 3-field or 5-field 3DCRT,slMRT and 5-field or 7-field IMRT plans were performed for each patient. The dose distributions of target volume and normal tissues,conformal index(CI) and heterogeneous index(HI) were analyzed using the dose-volume histogram(Dvit). The prescription dose was 50 Gy in 25 fractions. Results The CI for PTV of IMRT and sIMRT was superior to 3DCRT. Conversely,the HI for PTV of 3DCRT was superior to sIMRT and IMRT. sIMRT and IMRT can protect the organs at risk better than 3DCRT. The mean of total MU for 3DCRT3f,3DCRT5f, sIMRT, IMRT5f and IMRTT7f was 482±13,504±11,455±42,841±36 and 884±46, respectively. Conclusions Comparing with 3DCRT plans and IMRT plans, sIMRT plan was the optimal plan for clinical practice. All of the three radiotherapy techniques can protect the rectal stump and anal canal well with the prescription dose of 50 Gy.