Achalasia is a rare primary oesophageal motility disorder that presents as a functional obstruction at the oesophago-gastric junction. The prevalence of achalasia in Down syndrome is much higher, which implies a unique association between these two uncommon conditions. Although the exact aetiology of achalasia is unknown, studies have proposed that its pathogenesis is related to autoimmune, infectious or genetic factors, leading to the intrinsic loss of inhibitory myenteric neurons in both the oesophagus and lower oesophageal sphincter. We herein report the case of a 16-month-old girl with Down syndrome and achalasia who was initially treated for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. The diagnosis of achalasia was made only when her condition deteriorated, with subsequent failure to thrive, and upon further investigations, including barium swallow study and upper endoscopy. We also review the various mechanisms postulated in the development of achalasia in Down syndrome, as well as the various treatment modalities available for this rare disorder.
Airway Obstruction ; Body Weight ; Down Syndrome ; complications ; diagnosis ; Esophageal Achalasia ; complications ; diagnosis ; Female ; Fluoroscopy ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; complications ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Infant ; Karyotyping

This article shows how Primary Care Physicians can manage stable chronic schizophrenia with complex psycho-social issues in the community. This is made possible through improved access to mental healthcare services. The case study highlights the utilisation of the Mental Health-GP Partnership Programme and Community Mental Health Team to facilitate a smooth transition and maintenance of mental well-being in the community. Resources like Aged Psychiatry Community Assessment and Treatment Service, Assessment and Shared Care Teams, Community Intervention Teams are discussed as well as future directions to strengthen care in the community.

Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is a common infectious disease worldwide. However, mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenitis complicated by oesophageal involvement and oesophago-respiratory fistula is now uncommon due to improved anti-tuberculous regimes and better general awareness. The overall incidence of acquired oesophago-respiratory fistula due to infection is low, and therefore, the lesion is not often a frontrunner in differential diagnosis. Still, tuberculous oesophago-respiratory fistulae can potentially occur in patients with retroviral disease, as they tend to have atypical and more virulent manifestations. In this study, we report the case of multiple oesophago-respiratory fistulae in a patient with PTB and retroviral disease, and highlight the computed tomography features of these lesions as an atypical presentation of PTB in retroviral disease. Clinicians should suspect oesophago-respiratory fistulae if patients present with Ono’s sign, and remain particularly vigilant for patients with underlying PTB and retroviral disease, as early diagnosis and treatment could help to reduce mortality.
Adult ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Esophagus ; physiopathology ; Fistula ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Lung ; pathology ; Male ; Radiography, Thoracic ; Retroviridae ; metabolism ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Trachea ; physiopathology ; Treatment Outcome ; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary ; complications ; diagnosis

INTRODUCTIONPaediatric laparoscopic choledochal cyst excision has increasingly gained acceptance as an alternative to open excision. Laparoscopic excision is feasible and safe in the short term, but long-term outcomes are not as well established. KK Women's and Children's Hospital started performing laparoscopic choledochal cyst excision in children since 2007. In this paper, we report our experience with the laparoscopic approach, and the early and mid-term outcomes in comparison with the conventional open approach.

MATERIALS AND METHODSThirty-five consecutive cases by a single surgeon between May 2006 and April 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient characteristics and surgical outcomes were analysed.

RESULTSThere were 13 laparoscopic and 22 open cases. Baseline patient characteristics were similar. Operative time was longer in the laparoscopic group. Three cases in the laparoscopic group were converted to open in our early experience. There were no differences in time to feeds or length of hospitalisation. One laparoscopic case developed minor bile leak that resolved on conservative management. There were no complications in the laparoscopic group on median follow-up of 35 months. In the open group, there was 1 case of pancreatitis, cholangitis, and hypertrophic scarring respectively. There were 3 cases of suspected adhesive colic that resolved without surgery.

CONCLUSIONLaparoscopic choledochal cyst excision enjoys excellent early and mid-term outcomes compared to open excision, even in centres with smaller patient volume. It should be the approach of choice where technical expertise is available.

Child, Preschool ; Choledochal Cyst ; surgery ; Digestive System Surgical Procedures ; methods ; Female ; Hospitals, Pediatric ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Time Factors ; Treatment Outcome

Isolated fallopian tube torsion is an uncommon diagnosis. It is particularly rare in the paediatric and post-menopausal age groups. It lacks pathognomonic symptoms, signs and imaging findings, yet each of these diagnostic steps plays a crucial role in early diagnosis. We describe two cases of isolated fallopian tube torsion in prepubertal females.
Fallopian Tubes

Introduction: Dengue virus (DENV), the causative agent of dengue disease exists in sylvatic and endemic ecotypes. The cell morphological changes and viral morphogenesis of two dengue ecotypes were examined at the ultrastructural level to identify potential similarities and differences in the surrogate model of enzootic host. Materials and Methods: Vero cells were inoculated with virus at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.1. Cell cultures were harvested over a time course and processed for transmission electron microscopic imaging. Results: The filopodia protrusions on cell periphery preceded virus entry. Additionally, sylvatic DENV infection was found spreading slower than the endemic DENV. Morphogenesis of both dengue ecotypes was alike but at different level of efficiency in the permissive cells. Conclusions: This is the first ultrastructural study on sylvatic DENV and this comparative study revealed the similarities and differences of cellular responses and morphogenesis of two dengue ecotypes in vitro. The study revealed the weaker infectivity of sylvatic DENV in the surrogate model of enzootic host, which supposed to support better replication of enzootic DENV than endemic DENV.
; viral morphogenesis

Singapore is among the fastest-aging countries in the world. By 2030, about one in every five residents would be 65 years or older and many of them may need long-term home care. Local studies have predicted a rise in disability rates as the population ages. To meet this need, our government has ramped up home care services to enable the elderly to “age in place” at home. In line with the Singapore Ministry of Health's vision of building sustainable healthcare and the initiative of "Beyond Hospital to Home", transitional care programmes in hospitals were renamed Hospital-to-Home in April 2017.

INTRODUCTIONThe 2005 American Association for Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) diagnostic criteria allow non-invasive diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) based on their enhancement pattern but we have observed a high incidence of atypical enhancement characteristics in HCC associated with portal vein thrombosis. This study seeks to examine the radiological features of this particular subgroup.

MATERIALS AND METHODSPatients with HCC and portal vein thrombosis who underwent pre-treatment multiphasic CT imaging were drawn from a surgical database. The arterial, portal venous and delayed phase images were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively (with region of interest [ROI] analysis) for lesion hypervascularity and washout. The background enhancement of the left and right lobes of the liver was also quantifi ed by ROI analysis.

RESULTSTwenty-fi ve lesions in 25 patients were selected for analysis. Qualitative analysis showed that 10/25 (40%) lesions demonstrated arterial hypervascularity while 16/25 (64%) lesions showed washout. Ten out of 25 (40%) lesions demonstrated both arterial hypervascularity and washout. Quantitative analysis showed that the average absolute lesion enhancement from precontrast to arterial phases was 49.1 (± 17.1) HU for hypervascular lesions compared to 23.8 (± 16.6) HU for non-hypervascular lesions (P <0.01). The mean absolute enhancement of the background liver parenchyma in the arterial phase was 13.79 (± 7.9) HU for hypervascular lesions compared to 36.6 (± 30.6) HU for non-hypervascular lesions (P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONA large proportion of HCC with portal vein thrombosis lack characteristic arterial hypervascularity, which may be secondary to compensatory increased arterial supply to the background liver. This is a potential pitfall when applying imaging criteria for diagnosis of HCC.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; complications ; diagnostic imaging ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; complications ; diagnostic imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pattern Recognition, Automated ; Portal Vein ; diagnostic imaging ; physiopathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; methods ; Venous Thrombosis ; diagnostic imaging ; etiology

Primary malignant B-cell-type dural lymphoma is a rare subtype of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). We herein report an unusual case of diffuse B-cell lymphoma that presents as a chronic subdural haematoma without extracranial involvement. The notable aspects of this case include the patient's immunocompetence, a short clinical history of symptom onset, rapid neurological deterioration and a fi nal diagnosis of high-grade PCNSL. This case highlights the challenges neurosurgeons face, especially in the emergency setting, when the disease manifests in varied presentations.
Brain Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; surgery ; Hematoma, Subdural ; diagnosis ; surgery ; Humans ; Lymphoma, B-Cell ; diagnosis ; surgery ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multimodal Imaging ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

INTRODUCTIONBile duct perforation (BDP) with resultant biliary ascites in children is a rare clinical condition. The aetiopathogenesis is still an enigma, with increasing evidence suggesting anomalous union of pancreaticobiliary ductal (AUPBD) system as the prime causative factor.

CLINICAL PICTUREWe report 2 cases of spontaneous perforation of the bile duct confirmed on histopathological examination as choledochal cyst, in a 6-month-old female child and a 4-year-old boy who presented with subtle clinical symptoms.

TREATMENT AND OUTCOMEBoth patients were successfully managed by excision of the gall bladder and common bile duct and Roux-en- Y hepaticojejunostomy. This procedure was performed following initial cholecystostomy drainage in the second case.

CONCLUSIONSFrom the available literature and experience with our patients, BDP is not merely spontaneous but may be related to AUPBD and choledochal cyst.

Ascites ; etiology ; surgery ; Bile Ducts ; injuries ; Child, Preschool ; Cholangiography ; Cholecystectomy ; Choledochal Cyst ; complications ; surgery ; Common Bile Duct ; diagnostic imaging ; injuries ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Jejunostomy ; Laparoscopy ; Male ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed