Glaucoma is a common eye disease which may cause irreversible blindness.This ocular degenerative disease affects retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and eventually causes optic nerve dysfunction by way of axonal loss.Patients with glaucoma may show characteristic changes of optic disc,damages of visual field and impairment of vision.Detection and evaluation of the impairment of visual field in patients with glaucoma are essential for the diagnosis and estimation of progression of this disease.Numerous techniques have been developed to detect field progression,but no standard has been widely accepted.Assessment Methods including visual field indices,glaucoma hemifield test (GHT),Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS),Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial (EMGT),Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study(CIGTS),as well as the strength and limitation of each method were reviewed in this article in order to find out suitable ways to evaluate visual field defects in patients with glaucoma in clinical works and researches.

Like other mammals,human has obvious circadian rhythm,and light is recognized as the principal circadian synchronizer.Rod/cone photoreceptors of the outer retina and the melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells(mcRGCs) of the inner retina mediate non-image forming visual responses including entrainment of the circadian clock to the ambient light,the pupillary light reflex (PLR),and light modulation of activity by means of a set of mcRGCs projecting to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)through retinohypothalamic tract (RHT).Glaucoma is a group of diseases which cause degenerative changes and loss of RGCs including mcRGCs,so the circadian rhythm of patients with glaucoma will be interrupted.The progress in the study on the effect of glaucoma and experimental hypertension on circadian rhythm was reviewed.

The multiple primary carcinoma (MPC) is defined as more than 2 or up carcinomas occured with in same or multiple organs in an individual.Along with the science development and advancement of human society,the life-span of human being has been prolonged,and more of MPC are identified.But the misdiagnosis of MPC as the metastases of primary tumors or missed diagnosis will mislead therapeutic regimens and exacerbate the diseases.Therefore,the accurate differentiation of MPC is becoming increasingly important.This article mainly reviews the epidemiology,diagnostic criteria,etiology,frequent sites of involvement,classification,and diagnostic protocols of MPC.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the autoantibody detection and abortion of pregnant women.Meth-ods The dot immunogold method,indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)were used to de-tect serum anti-double stranded DNA antibody (dsDNA),anti-smooth muscle antibody (SMA),antinuclear antibody (ANA),anti-endometrial antibody (EMAb),anti-cardiolipin antibody(ACA),anti-sperm antibody (ASAb),anti-ovarian antibody(AoAb).Re-sults Compared with healthy pregnant women,the values of EMAb,ACA,AoAb,ANA and SMA in abortion pregnant women were increased with statistical differences (P <0.05).Conclusion EMAb,ACA,AoAb,ANA and SMA have high correlation with abortion of pregnant women.Confirming the causes of unexplained abortion and prenatal screening are especially important for the pregnant women in the border area.

Objective:To construct an expression vector containing RNA interfering(RNAi) sequence targeting human vitamin D_3 receptor(VDR) protein gene,and to investigate its inhibitory effect on the expression and function of VDR in a human osteosarcoma cell line.Methods: Two small interfering RNA sequences targeting VDR were designed by online screening and were cloned into the expression vector(pSilencer-2.1-U6).Then the products,pSilencer-2.1-U6-VDR1 and pSilencer-2.1-U6-VDR2,were separately transfected into a human osteosarcoma cell line(HOS-8603) by liposome.Western blot was employed to determine their effect on VDR protein expression and 1,25(OH)_2D_3-induced phosphorylation of PKC.Cell counting and MTT were used to evaluate their influence on the inhibitory effects of 1,25(OH)_2D_3 on HOS-8603 cells proliferation.Results: Compared to HOS-8603 cells transfected with control vectors,those transfected with pSilencer2.1-U6-VDR1 or pSilencer2.1-U6-VDR2 had significant decreases in the expression of VDR protein, in the inhibitory effects of 1,25(OH)_2D_3 on the cell proliferation,and in quick phosphorylation of PKC induced by 1,25(OH)_2D_3.Conclusion: The vectors constructed in the present study(pSilencer2.1-U6-VDR1 and pSilencer2.1-U6-VDR2) can significantly suppress the VDR expression in HOS-8603 cells,and block some biological activities of 1,25(OH)_2D_3 mediated by VDR, which paves a way for further study on the biological functions of VDR and vitamin D_3.

Objective:To study the structure of teacher’s app raisal of pupil’s self-regulationMethod:Based on the open que stionnair es that teachers provided of their students’ characteristics, a self-regulation questionnaire of primary school students was developed 736 students were asse ssed by 56 teachersResults:Through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, four factors, independence and conscientiousn ess, assault and resisting, friendship and obedience, irritability and activenes s, were obtained The ideal reliability and validity were gotConclusi on:In the view of teachers, the self-regulation structure of primary sch ool students includes four factors

Tumor angiogenesis is a complicated pathologic process, which plays an important role in the growth and metastasis of most solid tumors. Targeting at the angiogenesis and inhibiting tumor growth or metastasis, specific antibodies or inhibitors of tumor angiogenesis have been developed for this purpose. We summarized recent researches about the mechanism of tumor angiogenesis and the development of tumor angiogenesis inhibitors in this review.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the epidemiology of bacterial infections in patients with severe liver disease in intensive care unit(ICU) and analyze the antimicrobial susceptibility of major pathogens to provide reference for clinical therapy.METHODS A retrospective survey was conducted in 206 patients with severe liver disease in ICU of our hospital from Oct 2005 to Dec 2006.Identification and susceptibility of pathogens were assayed by MicroScan Auto-4 System.RESULTS Infection was identified in 70.87% of the 206 patients with severe liver disease.Most infections were caused by single pathogen.The infection was frequently identified in respiratory tract,blood stream or intra-abdominal cavity.The top 5 pathogens were Escherichia coli(12.8%),Klebsiella pneumoniae(9.9%),Staphylococcus haemolyticus(8.5%),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(7.8%) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia(6.4%).Gram-negative bacilli were usually resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents,but less resistant to piperacillin-tazobactam or imipenem.Most of S.haemolyticus isolates were meticillin-resistant(MRSH)(25%),which were susceptible to penicillin,ampicillin and vancomycin.CONCLUSIONS Pathogens of patients with severe liver disease in ICU are mostly multi-drug resistant.The microbiological surveillance is important for guiding clinical therapy.

Objective To introduce a new kind of circuit with temperature and voltage double compensation function in view of the deficiency of ambient temperature change on existing respiratory signal detection circuit. Methods The respiratory signal is detected by the characteristics of diode junction voltage with temperature changes. Results The functions of automatic temperatures compensation and automatic voltage fluctuation compensation are realized with the differential connection of two identical diodes. Conclusion The experimental results shows that the proposed circuit is basically immune to the fluctuation of ambient temperature changes and voltage fluctuation, its structure is simple and the accuracy of breathing signal detection is also improved.

BACKGROUND: One major reason for transplanted kidney failure is BK virus (BKV) associated nephropathy, which leads to renal inadequacy and ureteral obstruction. OBJECTIVE: To identify the incidence of BKV viremia in kidney transplant recipients, as well as to analyze the risk factors of BKV infection. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: A retrospective case analysis was performed at the Department of Urology, Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University from September 2001 to December 2007. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and twenty-one renal transplant patients, and 20 renal failure patients, who underwent hemodialysis were served as control group. METHODS: The viral load in plasma was quantified with a real-time PCR method. The recipients were divided into the PV+ group (BKV DNA positive blood samples) and PV- group (BKV DNA negative in blood samples) according to the detection outcomes. The gender, age, cold ischemia time, immunosuppressive agent, donor type and other clinical parameters were compared between 2 groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Logistic regression was performed to determine risk factors for BKV infection. RESULTS: The incidence rate of BKV viremia accounted for 24.7% (30/121) of kidney recipients, which was higher than the control group (1/20), the difference between them was significant (P = 0.03). Logistic regression found that cold ischemia time (RR 3.34, 95% CI 2.76-5.60) and cadaver donation (RR 2.19, 95% CI 1.32-3.97) were significantly related to BKV viremia. However, ages of recipients, time of collecting samples, and intravenous glucocorticoid therapy was independence to BKV viremia. CONCLUSION: Kidney recipients are the high risk population who are susceptive to BKV infection. Cold ischemia time and cadaver donation may be the risk factors of BKV viremia.