Aim To screen the differentially expressed microRNAs ( miRNAs ) induced by hypoxia precondi-tioning ( HPC ) in adult rat cardiomyocytes, and pre-dict miRNAs-regulated target genes and their func-tions. Methods Cardiomyocytes were isolated from a-dult rat ventricular myocardium and cultured ( in vitro) . The cells were divided into 2 groups: control group ( CON ) and hypoxia preconditioning group ( HPC) . The cardiomyocytes in HPC group were sub-jected to 10 min hypoxia followed by 30 min reoxygen-ation, while the cells in CON group were cultured un-der normal condition. After that, total RNA was ex-tracted and then subjected to miRNA microarray to screen differentially expressed miRNAs. The microar-ray results were further validated by quantitative RT-PCR ( qRT-PCR ) . Bioinformatics analysis was per-formed to predict the miRNAs-regulated target genes and analyze the enriched gene ontology ( GO) and sig-naling pathway ( Pathway) . Results HPC caused sig-nificant changes in miRNAs expression in cardiomyo-cytes as compared to CON group. A total of 12 miR-NAs were up-regulated and 14 miRNAs were down-reg-ulated ( P <0. 01 , FDR <0 . 05 ) . The differentially expressed 7 miRNAs with a fluorescent signal intensity>500 were selected for further bioinformatics analysis. The expression of miR-133b-5p, miR-664-1-5p and miR-6216 detected by qRT-PCR exhibited the similar patterns of up or down regulation to those shown in mi-croarray results. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that miRNAs-regulated target genes were significantly en-riched in 27 GOs and 6 signal pathways. Conclusion
The expression profile of miRNAs in rat cardiomyo-cytes is significantly affected by HPC. These differenti-ally expressed miRNAs might participate in HPC-in-duced cardioprotection by regulating their target genes in rat cardiomyocytes.

Aim To evaluate the effects of morphine preconditioning ( MPC ) on the expression of microR-NAs ( miRNAs ) induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) in H9c2 myocardial cells. Methods H9c2 cells were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n=4 each) as follows:control group ( CON) , hypoxia/ reoxygen-ation group ( H/R ) and morphine preconditioning group ( MPC+H/R) . The cells were cultured in nor-mal condition in CON group. The cells were subjected to 5 h hypoxia followed by 1 h reoxygenation in H/R group and MPC+H/R group. Specifically, the cells in MPC+H/R group were preconditioned with morphine with the final concentration of 1 μmol·L-1 for 10 min before H/R. After the treatment, CCK-8 was used to detect cell viability and chemical colorimetry was used to detect lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH ) activity in the culture medium. Cell apoptosis was assessed by An-nexin-V-FITC/PI flow cytometry. Relative expression of Fas protein was detected by Western blot. The ex-pression of miRNA in myocardial cells was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain re-action ( qRT-PCR ) . Results Compared with CON group, the cell viability was significantly decreased, while the LDH activity, apoptotic rate and Fas protein expression were dramatically increased in group H/R (P<0. 01). However, MPC significantly increased the cell viability, whereas it decreased the LDH activity, apoptotic rate and Fas protein expression induced by H/R injury ( P < 0. 01 ) . The expressions of miR-133a-5p, miR-133b-5p, miR-664-1-5p, miR-6216 and let-7 e-5 p were markedly down-regulated by H/R as compared to CON group ( P <0. 05 ) , while MPC inhibited these miRNAs which were significantly down-regulated by H/R group ( P <0. 01 ) . Conclusion Morphine preconditioning might protect H9 c2 myocar-dial cells against H/R injury by regulating the expres-sion of miRNAs such as miR-133a-5p, miR-133b-5p, miR-664-1-5p, miR-6216 and let-7e-5p.

Objective:To discuss the clinical efficacy of modified Zuoguiwan on postmenopausal osteoarthritis of knee (KOA) with deficiency of liver and kidney based on theory of syndrome differentiation and treatment of kidney, and its effect on endocrine hormone and cartilage metabolism.Method:One hundred and forty patients of KOA were randomly divided into control group (70 cases) and observation group (70 cases) by random number table. Patients in two group got glucosamine hydrochloride capsule for 12 weeks, 1 capsule/time, 2 times/day, and those with obvious pain was added celecoxib capsules for 4 weeks, 0.2 g/time, 1 time/day. The control group took Kang Zengsheng pills orally. patients in observation group was also added with modified Zuoguiwan for 12 weeks, 1 dose/day. Before and after treatment, pain level during activity and rest by visual simulation of pain (VAS) were scored. And visual scale of osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) of Western Ontario and McMaster University, knee osteoarthritis severity index (ISOA), deficiency of liver and kidney, self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) were scored. And levels of serum estradiol (E₂), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were scored.Result:Scores of VAS during activity and rest in observation group were lower than those in control group (P<0.01). The total score of WOMAC, scores of pain, stiffness, joint function, deficiency of liver and kidney, SAS and SDS were all lower than those in control group (P<0.01). Total score of ISOA, symptoms and signs, maximum walking distance, daily life were lower than those in control group (P<0.01). Levels of E₂, FSH, LH, TNF-α, IL-1β and MMP-3 were lower than those in control group (P<0.01). Level of TGF-β was higher than that in control group (P<0.01). And total clinical effective rate in observation group was 89.23%(58/65), which was higher than 74.60%(47/63) in control group (χ²=4.793, P<0.05).Conclusion:Modified Zuoguiwan can obviously alleviate symptoms, improve joint function, regulate the level of endocrine hormone, relieve anxiety and depression, regulate the environment of cartilage metabolism, inhibit inflammatory reaction, and improve the patients' ability of daily life and clinical efficacy.