Objective　This paper presents formula for determining the sample size required in case-control study to estimate vaccine efficacy VE with adjusting the precision of confidence interval.Methods　Formula to calculate sample size is derived from the principle of relative width of the confidence interval.Results　Prespecified relative width may regulate and control the precision of confidence interval and may reflects magnitude of the sample size.Conclusion　Sample size calculated by formula will assure that the investigator understand accurately the degree of point estimates of VE close to the true value of VE in the population.

Purpose:To analyze the CT appearances and diagnostic value of inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver(IPL)_O Materials and Methods: The CT findings of 19 patients with inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver proved by pathology were analyzed respectively.Results: 17 cases were solitary lesion and 2 cases had multiple lesions.19 lesions showed hypodense,2 lesions isodense on pre-contrast.On the contrast CT scan,showed no enhancement during arterial phase,but during portal venous phrase and delayed phase,strong enhancement at the edge and septa in the center or mural node,of the lesions were visible.Conclusion: CT diagnosis is possible in most cases of IPL by three phase dynamic scanning.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of adrenal tumors by MRI.Methods The MRI features of adrenal tumors proved pathologically in 26 patients were reviewed,and were comparatively studied with the results of operation and pathology.All patients received pre-and post-contrast MRI scans,the morphology,size,margin,signal intensity and enhancement pattern of the lesion were observed.Results Of 26 adrenal tumors,8 were pheochromocytoma which were encapsulated mass with long T 1 heterogeneous T 2 signal and heterogeneous enhancement,the characteristic manifestations were prominent high signal on T 2WI,heterogeneous signals were showed in haemorrhagia,necrosis,cystic formation.5 cases were metastatic tumors from pulmonary cancers,the shape and signal of tumons were regular or irregular.6 cases were adenomas which were showed as round mass with distinct margin and iso-signal without necrosis and cystic formation.Adenocarcinoma was seen in 4 cases and was manifested as irregular long T 1 heterogeneous T 2 signal and heterogeneous enhancement, the surrounding tissues and blood vessel were involved. Myelolipoma was found in 3 cases and presented as short T 1 and short T 2 signal intensity.Conclusion MRI is valuable in diagnosis and differentiated diagnosis of adrenal tumors, and is important in the delineation of tumor extent and surgical planning.

OBJECTIVE:To provide references for improving the governmental drug pricing,especially for brand-name drugs.METHODS:With the statistical data listed in the governmental drug price catalogs,the price difference rates between brand-name and generic injection were computed.RESULTS:Only 26%of the drugs were in line with the requirement on price difference rate(35%for injections)specified in governmental drug price principle,and the highest price gap between brand-name drug and generic drug was as high as over 500%.CONCLUSIONS:It is advisable for government to adopt mild method of gradual reduction of drug prices,control the preferential degree for the price of the brand- name drugs,establish a dynamic price control system,and promote the balance on the benefits of both brand-name drug manufactures and the generic drug manufacturers.

This paper introduces the progress and defects of monitoring and preventive equipments for liquid propellant in China. Then it evaluates the prospects of Chinese monitoring equipments, skin protective equipments, respiratory preventive equipments. A protective system is put forward at the end of the paper.

Objective] To analyze the effect of powder for ascending and descending on patients with different cough. [Method] The treatment group patients had still cough with conventional western medicine for two weeks, and initial treatment group patients had not any treatment after cough. All these patients were treated with powder for ascending and descending according to different Chinese traditional medicine syndromes cough. [Results] There were 49 patients, and 17 cases were the initial diagnosed group and 32 patients were the after treatment group. Patients with the improvement of the symptoms of cough and throat were effective in 15 cases(88.2%), while in patients with the improvement for sputum symptoms in initial group were 16 cases(94.1%), and 27 case(84.4%) in treatment group. It had no statistically significant difference between the two groups(χ2=0.006, P=0.940). Cough concrete improvement between the two groups showed no significant difference(χ2 =0.006, P =0.465). Between the two groups cough, throat and sputum symptoms overall improvement rate was 87.8%(43/49), no significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05). [Conclusion] Regardless of the treatment patients or untreated patients, treatment with powder for ascending and descending had good effect in improvement of the symptoms of cough, and the improvement of throat and sputum was effective, too.

Objective To determine the incidence of long bone lesions and clinical characteristic in early newborn with asymptomatic congenital syphilis. Methods The syphilis antibody in 26 infants with asymptomatic congenital syphilis who were diagnosed and treated in our hospital from April 2001 to May 2004 were detected,and the clinical feature and X-ray features were analyzed.Results Twenty-six infants and their mothers all had the antibody positive of syphilis.Treponemal antibody titer were 4 times higher than their mothers in the infants blood serum.Their general conditions showed normal and had no symptoms when they were hospita-(lized).Then,there were 24 cases (92%) with positive physical signs and /or abnormal findings on the liver function tests and blood routine and long-bone radiographs.Long-bone radiographs were abnormal for approximately 38%(10 of 26)of asymptomatic newborns with congenital syphilis.Metaphysitis was shown and looked like sandwich biscuit in X-ray photograph.Conclusions Asymptomatic congenital syphilis has no symptoms in the early stage.Bone X-ray photograph should be included in the assessment of newborns with a positive serology.Further support is needed in the diagnosis and treatment of early newborns with asymptomatic congenital syphilis.

Objective To perform APACHEⅡand SOFA in assessmentof EICU patients with sepsis ,and analyze the risk factors. Methods A retrospective analysis from January 2014 to October 2015 in EICU of our hos-pital ,a total of 83 patients suffered from sepsis ,including sepsis group(30 cases)and septic shock(53 cases). PCT,PT,APTT,lactic acid,mechanical ventilation time and APACHE Ⅱ and SOFA score were collected, through the receiver-operating characteristic curve(ROC)index to predict the prognosis of patients with sepsis.Re-sults The mortality of the patients in the septic shock group,PT,APTT,APACHEⅡ,SOFA score,mechanical ventilation time and PCT were significantly higher than thosein the sepsis group(P<0.001). APTT,APACHEⅡ, SOFA score and mechanical ventilation time had significant difference (P ≤ 0.001) between survival and dead. The lactic acid level of the dead group was significantly higher than that in the survival group(P=0.038). The ar-ea under curve(AUC=0.806)of APACHEⅡscore was better than the SOFA score(AUC=0.765).The outcome of sepsis had correlation with APACHEⅡ,SOFA score,lactic acid,and mechanical ventilation time(P<0.05). Conclusion APACHE II and SOFA scores can accurately predict mortalityoutcome in emergency intensive care units patients with sepsis,especially the APACHEⅡscore.We can measure blood coagulation function,APACHEⅡ,SOFA score,PCT,lactic acid and mechanical ventilation time to assess the severity of patients with sepsis.

Objective To study a protective apparel with protective suit and protective mask in order to protect the operators using new HAN propellant in the course of storage, transportation and filling-up. Methods According to the character of it, polyurethane-coated (PU)polyester fabric was applied in the main part of protective suit and mask, and then anti-fog technology to deal with PU as window material. Results The performance test and probation evaluation of the protective apparel were met relevant standards of the technical specifications. Conclusion Through reasonable structure designing, the defects in the protective apparel were overcome such as bad permeability and large load. The protective apparel was characteristized by portable, comfortable, practical and so on. Furthermore, it enriches the protective system for the liquid propellant.

In order to evaluate the efficacy of low intensity ultrasound and tissue engineering technique to repair segmental bone defects, the rabbit models of 1.5-cm long rabbit radial segmental osteoperiosteum defects were established and randomly divided into 2 groups. All defects were implanted with the composite of calcium phosphate cement and bone mesenchymal stem cells, and additionally those in experimental group were subjected to low intensity ultrasound exposure, while those in control group to sham exposure. The animals were killed on the postoperative week 4, 8 and 12 respectively, and specimens were harvested. By using radiography and the methods of biomechanics, histomorphology and bone density detection, new bone formation and material degradation were observed. The results showed that with the prolongation of time after operation, serum alkaline phosphatase (AKP) levels in both groups were gradually increased, especially in experimental group, reached the peak at 6th week (experimental group: 1.26 mmol/L; control group: 0.58 mmol/L), suggesting the new bone formation in both two group, but the amount of new bone formation was greater and bone repairing capacity stronger in experimental group than in control group. On the 4th week in experimental group, chondrocytes differentiated into woven bone, and on the 12th week, remodeling of new lamellar bone and absorption of the composite material were observed. The mechanical strength of composite material and new born density in experimental group were significantly higher than in control group, indicating that low intensity ultrasound could not only effectively increase the formation of new bone, but also accelerate the calcification of new bone. It was concluded that low intensity ultrasound could evidently accelerate the healing of bone defects repaired by bone tissue engineering.