Objective To investigate the clinical character of axillary node involvement(ANI) in breast carcinoma and provide a theory evidence for breast-conserving therapy. Methods 200 cases of breast cancer from 2000 to 2005 in our hospital were analyzed and were divided into two groups according to the states of ANI or not. The datas about its tumor size,course of disease,axillary lymph node palpared were regiscered. Results When the tumor size 5cm,ANI decreased 26.8% ,when the tumor surgery inside the three months the ANI were 57.1 %. Conclusion Lower ANI rate is related with that the tumor small,after discovered and surgery at once,the axillary lymph node non-palpated and the tumor resected at outpatient department.

The etiology of acute pancreatitis in children is infection,drugs,trauma,or anatomic abnormalities.Acute pancreatitis is less frequent in children than in adults,but recent studies indicate that an increasing incidence in the pediatric population.Limited data of severe acute pancreatitis(SAP) remains.Abdominal pain and vomiting are important early symptoms.Also children may initially present with shock,followed by symptoms of multiple organ dysfunction.To date,there is no pediatric prognostic severity scoring system that is available to practice.The prognostic severity tool with 3 variables includes lipase,albumin,and WBC within 24 hours of admission may be applied to predict pediatric SAP.Continuous renal replacement therapy can effectively reduce systemic inflammatory response,improve the organ function and maintain the fluid balance,may be a new potential therapy in children with SAP.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the application of cost-utility analysis in health area of China in recent year. METH-ODS:From CNKI,Wanfang and VIP database,settingcost utilityorcost-utilityastitleorkeyword,related literatures were retrieved during Jan. 2011-Dec. 2015,with subject field ofmedical science and technologyin CNKI,medical sciencein Wanfang database,clinical medicineChinese medicinepreclinical medicinepreventive medicine hygieneorpharmacyin VIP. The comprehensive evaluation involved research design,research perspective,cost measurement,utility index and measure-ment method,cost-utility analysis index,discount and sensitivity analysis. RESULTS:A total of 31 literatures meeting inclusion cri-teria were selected,including 12 prospective studies,9 retrospective studies,9 Markov model studies,1 mixed study. Thirteen lit-eratures worked in medical institutions. Seven literatures explicitly mentioned research perspective;most literatures only measured direct cost(19 literatures)and adopted QALY as utility index(27 literatures). Twenty eight literatures described measurement meth-od of utility index(direct measurement,indirect measurement or literature method)in detail. More than half(16 literatures)analyzed cost-utility by using cost-utility ratio(CUR);7 literatures adopted incremental cost-utility ratio(ICUR)and 6 literatures adopted both CUR and ICUR. Five literatures used the threshold of ICUR. Eleven literatures described discount,and the majority was Markov mod-el study. Sensitivity analysis was conducted in 16 literatures,among which 11 literatures adopted single factor analysis. The most com-monly involved influential factor was cost,followed by utility value and discount rate. CONCLUSIONS:Cost-utility analysis has been widely used in China,but the quality and normalization of studies have much room for improvement. Learning more experiences from international researches can help to promote the quality of domestic studies,guide the practice of clinical rational use of drugs and sup-port the government decision-making process and medical insurance payment in the future.

OBJECTIVE:To provide references for drug pricing and drug administration for Chinese government.METHODS:The drug pricing and administration policies in UK were expounded and the effects of which were analyzed and evaluated,based on which some suggestions were put forward with the consideration of the specific condition of our country.RESULTS&CONCLUSIONS:The rules of market economy should be obeyed and market monitoring should be carried out in China.The non-governmental organizations should play a key role in the support and service for national drug supervision and administration.The drug prices should be controlled according to category so as to make the formula process of drug price policy scientific.The government-set price and the market price monitoring mechanism should be established and the legal system of drug price management should be established as soon as possible.

Because cardiomyocytes have extremely low capacity to cell proliferation, cell transplantation has recently attracted muchattention as a new method to improve the damaged heart function and structure. Cellular cardiomyoplasty refers to the implantation ofdifferent kinds of cells besides autologous cardiomyocytes into the myocardium to reinforce its structure and function. Presently, fetaland neonatal cardiomyocytes, hematopoietic stem cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, skeletal myoblasts, endothelial stem cells, hepatic stem cells and neural stem cells have been used to repair the damaged heart in animal experiment. This article overviewstype, outcome, advantage, disadvantage, and problems of seed cells used for cellular cardiomyoplasty.

The performance status(PS)≥2 patients with non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) are short of effective management.The phase Ⅱ/Ⅲ clinical trails of target therapy of anti EFGR of VEGFR have already got promise results.This article expatiates the actuality and development of the chemotherapy and novel target therapy for the PS≥2 patients with NSCLC.

Advances in the understanding of cancer at the molecular level have led to much progress in the development of anti-cancer agents. Among the newly invented medications for targeted cancer therapy, protein kinase inhibitors target intracellular molecules crucial in signaling pathways for cancer cell survival, proliferation, and disease progression. The Raf serine/threonine kinases are pivotal molecules within the Raf/mitogen extracellular kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. The exact function of Raf in normal human cells is not yet understood; however, preclinical and clinical researches have shown that over expression of Raf gene or overreaction of Raf kinase isoforms have critical roles in many types of solid tumors, including renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, melanoma, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Sorafenib is the first oral, multi-kinase inhibitor that targets the Raf kinases. It also has a broad spectrum activity against other receptor tyrosine kinases associated with vascular endothelial growth factor receptors and platelet-derived growth factor receptors. Sorafenib was recently approved by FDA for use in advanced renal cell cancer, and is currently undergoing active investigation in the treatment of other types of malignancies, such as melanoma, liver cancer, prostate cancer, and NSCLC. In this review, we will illustrate the role of Raf in both normal and malignant cells, the mechanism of sorafenib in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma, as well as clinical data that support its use and further investigation in advanced renal cell carcinoma, melanoma, and other tumor types.

OBJECTIVE: To provide valuable reference for China in formulating and evolving pricing policy on patent drugs.METHODS: The current pricing policy on patent drugs in Sweden and its outcome were analyzed,and then its implication for Chinese medical & health market were summarized.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that market information should be taken into full consideration and drugs price supervision system should be established in making pricing policy so as to avoid information asymmetry in pricing game and ensure effective utilization of social medical insurance resources.

Objective To explore the effects of automobil exhaust on immune adherence function of erythrocytes in mice Methods The male Kunming mice were exposed to gasoline fueled engine exhausts 20 minutes per day continouusly for 20 days After the whole exposure,the ratio of spleen to body weight and total count of erythrocytes in peripheral blood of mice were observed The immune adherence function of erythrocytes was determined by complement sensitized yeast cell hemagglutination test in mice Results The ratio of spleen to body weight [(4.84?0.53)mg/g] and total count of erythrocytes [(5 83?10 12?0 25?10 12)/L] of mice exposed to automobil exhausts were significantly lower than those of control group [(5 55?0 68)mg/kg,(7 71?10 12?0 29?10 12)/L] respectively The positive rate of blood coagulation of exposure group (12 5%) was significantly lower than that of control group (82 5%) at blood coagulation titer of 1∶8,? 2=39 2,P

Mesenchymal stem cells is another adult stem cells in bone marrow apart from hematopoietic stem cells.Because of their strong self-renewal capacity and the potential of multi-lineage differentiation.mesenehymal stem cells are used more and more in the treatment of malignant diseases,such as hematological malignant diseases and extensively applied in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.However,the exact role of mesenehymal stem cells on tumor is not completely clear.This review is about the impact of mesenchymal stem cells on tumor growth and the related mechanism.