BACKGROUND: The structural and functional changes in resistance arteriole of external diameter ＜300 μm is one of the pathological foundations for ischemic cerebrovascular diseases, however there are few quantitative study on the arterioles of various external diameter at different brain area.OBJECTIVE: To probe the difference of arteriolar sclerosis of various external diameter at different brain area after cerebral infarction.DESIGN: Sample investigation.SETTING: Department of Nerve Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Beijing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA.SUBJECTS: Specimen was taken from donated autopsy case in General Hospital of Beijing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA from January 1980 to September 2000. According to the clinical manifestation, brain CT inspection and pathological diagnosis of autopsy, 38 cases were defined as arteriosclerosis cerebral infarction and taken as experimental group, other 15 cases with non-cardiac cerebrovascular disease were taken as controls.METHODS: specimen was obtained in 1-3 days after death from frontal and parietal cerebral cortex and basal gonglion white matters (3 pieces /case) and cut into slices. Five fields of vision were selected from each slice for microscopic observation. Arteriole was divided into ＜ 50 μm group,50-100 μm group and ＞100 μm group according to the arteriole external diameter. (External diameter- internal diameter)/internal diameter was used to assess vascular sclerosis.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: [1] Difference of arteriole sclerosis between corresponding external diameter cerebral infarction group and control group. [2] Arteriole sclerosis in various brain region in cerebral infarction group.RESULTS: Totally 38 experimental cases died from arteriosclerosis cerebral infarction and 15 controls died from non-cardiac cerebrovascular disease were enrolled and all data was entered the result analysis. [1] The arteriolar sclerosis index was obviously higher in ＜ 50 μm external diameter cerebral infarction group than in 50-100 μm group and ＞100 μm group[(138.55±76.67)% vs (116.82±58.80)%, (78.07±32.06)%, P ＜ 0.01], while it was approximately the same in the 100 μm external diameter group and control group [(78.07±32.06)% vs (46.38±13.41)%, P=0.174 ]. [2] In ＜ 50 μm external diameter cerebral infarction group, the arteriolar sclerosis index in white matters was significantly higher than that in gray matter [(152.86±87.83)%,(127.97±64.76)%, P ＜ 0.05 ].CONCLUSION: Arteriolar sclerosis degree is correlated with its external diameter and position in patients with cerebral infarction after arteriosclerosis, arteriole of small external diameter or in the white matter has higher arteriolesclerosis liability.

OBJECTIVE: To establishes an HPLC method for determination of the contents of Osthol and Berberine in Kangfuyan effervescent suppository. METHODS: HPLC was carried out on a column of Diamonsil (250 mm?4.6 mm,5 ?m) with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.2% phosphate acid (52∶48,Lauryl sulfonic acid sodium 0.1 g was contained in every 100 mL) with flow rate at 1 mL?min-1.The detection wavelength was set at 322 nm and the column temperature was set at room temperature. RESULTS: The linear range was 0.019 8～0.396 0 ?g(r=0.999 97) for Osthole versus 0.056 65～1.133 00 ?g(r=0.999 99) for Berberine. The average recoveries of Osthol and Berberine were 101.06% (RSD=1.10%) and 101.88%(RSD=0.98%), respectively. CONCLUSION: This method is simple, accurate and reproducible, and applicable for the quality control of Kangfuyan effervescent suppository.

Objective To investigate the related risk factors for stroke among residents aged over 26 years old in communities in Chongqing,to set up a quantitative criteria for determining risk for stroke,and to evaluate and predict the risk of the stroke for individuals.Methods 1 034 cases with 1:2 matched controls were chosen from five communities in Chongqing,which were interviewed with a uniform questionnaire.The risk factors of stroke were analyzed with Logistic regression,collected the odds ratios of risk factors for stroke,and different levels of risk exposure factors be converted into a risk scores by using statistical models.The related risk scores were added to obtain a combined risk score to predict the individual's risk of stoke in the future.Results An individual health risk appraisal model of stroke applicable to individuals of different sex,age,health behavior,disease and family history was established.For men,11 risk factors,including hypertension(5.728),coronary heart disease(5.404),family history of stroke(4.599),and so on,were entered the main effect model;for women,hypertension(5.270),family history of stroke(4.866),hyperlipidemia(4.346),and other eight risk factors entered the main effect model.Conclusion Personal diseases,including hypertension,CHD and hyperlipidemia,etc.,are very important risk factors for stoke.The stroke prevalence can be effectively reduced by changing the unhealthy lifestyle and curing the related individual diseases.The evaluation model of the risk score for stroke based on the main risk factors could be useful in the future health education and community health service on stroke prevention.

OBJECTIVE:To clarify the bio-transformation form of apigenin in rats,and to speculate its possible metabolic path-way. METHODS:Rats were divided into blank group and medication group(apigenin 200 mg/kg,i.g.)with 6 rats in each group. Urine and feces samples were collected from 2 groups within 24 h after medication. After corresponding treatment,urine and feces samples were analyzed and detected by HPLC-IT-TOF-MSn under cation mode and anion mode. RESULTS:9 metabolites were iden-tified in urine sample of rats from medication group,i.e. 2,3-double bond reduction of apigenin (U1,U7,U8,U9),bonded to glucuronic acid(U2,U3,U4),bonded to sulphate(U5,U6,U7,U8,U9)and bonded to glucose(U2). 4 metabolites were iden-tified in feces sample of rats from medication group,i.e. 2,3-double bond reduction of apigenin(F3),bonded to glucuronic acid (F2)and bonded to glucose(F1). CONCLUSIONS:Apigenin mainly exists in form of prototype drug in rats. The reduction hap-pens on 2,3-double bond by the intestinal bacteria,and the product of apigenin boned to glucuronic acid or glucose can be formed when excreting in intestinal tract and rats in vivo,while the product of apigenin boned to sulphate can be formed only when excret-ing in rats in vivo.

The paper introduces and summarizes the teaching purpose and content project,implementation and effect of the optional course in Excel and medical data analysis.

Objective To observe and assess the clinicopathological significance of smooth muscle differentiation in breast cancer stromal fibroblasts. Methods A monoclonal antibody recognizing ? smooth muscle actin was used to determine the smooth muscle differentiation of fibroblasts in 69 breast cancer(BC) tissues, compared with 8 breast tissues which were removed more than 5cm from the cancer margin comfirmed without cancer cells. The relationship between the smooth muscle differentiation and clinicopathological parameters including age, tumor size, lymph node metastatic status, histological grade and ER receptor status in invasive BC were analyzed. Results Stromal fibroblasts smooth muscle differentiation was defined in 55.0% of the invasive breast cancer tissues,whereas no immunostain was demonstrated in histological normal samples. Twenty eight of the 41 cases(68.3%) with matastatic lymph nodes showed stromal fibroblasts smooth muscle differentiation,which more than that of without lymphatic metastasis group (26.3%,P

Objective To explore the value of ductus arteriosus in ultrasound diagnosis of fetal congenital heart disease by echocardiography. Methods The fetal echocardiography was performed with three segments diagnosis method. According to the fetal position, the ductus arteriosus was examined in different sections which include the V shape sign section formed by ductus arteriosus and right pulmonary artery,the V shape sign section formed by ductus arteriosus and the gorge of aortic arch,the three fingers sign section formed by ductus arteriosus,left and right pulmonary artery,the Z shape sign section formed by left pulmonary artery, ductus arteriosus and the gorge of aortic arch. The flow velocity and the inner diameter of the ductus arteriosus were measured. Results Thirty-one cases with congenital heart disease were evaluted. Thirteen cases were approved by autopsy. Among those fetus, 4 cases went with ductus arteriosus stenosis and they all accompanied with right heart obstructing disease,3 cases went with dilated ductus arteriosus and they all accompanied with left heart obstructing disease. Retrograde were explored in 2 fetus. The flow velocity of 5 fetus ductus arteriosus were higher than the normal fetus and 4 cases of them with right heart obstruction, 1 cases with left heart obstruction. Five fetal ductus arteriosus were normal. One fetal ductus arteriosus was absent. Conclusions Assessant of ductus arteriosus by echocardiography is an important content in screening fetal congenital heart disease. It can help us to diagnose quickly.

Objective To observe the clinical effects and safety of radiofrequency thermocoagulation in treating the lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion.Methods Thirty patients with lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion,whose diagnoses were confirmed by clinical manifestations and CT findings,were involved in this study.The needle was punctured to the target point of the diseased intervertebral space under C-arm fluoroscopic guidance.After the testing of sensory nerve,motor nerve and temperature was made,the target needles were heated until the nerve radiofrequency temperature meter reached the point of 92℃.This point of temperature was held for 100 seconds and the procedure was repeated for four cycles.Results Six months after the treatment,all patients showed an obvious improvement in VAS,which decreased from 7.83±0.33before operation to 2.37±0.48 after treatment(P＜0.05).According to the modified Macnab therapeutic evaluation criteria,excellent result was seen in 9,good result in 12,fair result in 5 and poor result in 4cases,with a total effective rate of 86.7%.No serious complications occurred in all patients.Conclusion Radiofrequency thermocoagulation is an effective and safe method for the treatment of lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion.

Objective To explor the ultrasonography methodology of the fetal ductus arteriosus.Methods Based on the fetal four-chamber sight, the characteristic ultrasound images were observed by moving probe,such as "V-shape" sign,"three-finger" sign,"Z-shape" sign and"hockey-handle" sign making up of the ductus arteriosus and the nearby structures were observed by moving probe. The inner diameter,the systole flow velocity,the diastole flow velocity and the resistance index of the ductus arteriosus via the "V-shape" sign section were measured. Results Among the 365 normal fetus cases,355 "V-shape" sign cases,237 "three-finger" sign cases,298 "Z-shape" sign cases and 331 "hockey-handle" sign cases were identified. The inner diameter of the fetal ductus arteriosus increases gradually with the growth of the gestational weeks and the flow velocity increases gradually too, while the resistance index had no obvious variation with the growth of the gestational weeks. Conclusions According to the characteristic ultrasound images, such as "V-shape" sign, "three-finger" sign, "Z-shape" sign and "hockey-handle" sign, the fetal ductus arteriosus can be identified promptly.

We mainly introduce the design of teaching objectives,teaching content,teaching strategies and teaching effect evaluation for the elective course of SPSS and statistical data processing and summarize and reflect on the implementation after teaching combined with the practical teaching of medical statistics.