Objective To analyze the ultrasound findings of urinary calculi caused by melamine. Methods The urinary system of totally 5337 children were examined with high frequency convex ultrasound probe,the characteristics of the images were analysed. CT plain scan method was used when ultrasound result was in difficulty. Results There were 360 cases with calculus in the 5337 children. In the 360 cases, unilateral calculus was in 92 cases, bilateral calculus in 48, bladder stone in 3, urethra stone in 1, kidney calcium deposition in 2, suspicion stone in 214 cases, urinary obstruction in 28 of them. The size of the stones ranged from 3 mm×2 mm to stag-horn calculus. Conclusions The urinary calculi caused by melamine is sandy stone. Ultrasound result is equivocal in the disease, CT plain scan can be a method of choice. High frequency convex probe provides more clear images, more evident adminstrative levels of anatomise than general abdominal probe does. It is beneficial for diagnosing and differential diagnosing of these diseases.

Objective To explor the ultrasonography methodology of the fetal ductus arteriosus.Methods Based on the fetal four-chamber sight, the characteristic ultrasound images were observed by moving probe,such as "V-shape" sign,"three-finger" sign,"Z-shape" sign and"hockey-handle" sign making up of the ductus arteriosus and the nearby structures were observed by moving probe. The inner diameter,the systole flow velocity,the diastole flow velocity and the resistance index of the ductus arteriosus via the "V-shape" sign section were measured. Results Among the 365 normal fetus cases,355 "V-shape" sign cases,237 "three-finger" sign cases,298 "Z-shape" sign cases and 331 "hockey-handle" sign cases were identified. The inner diameter of the fetal ductus arteriosus increases gradually with the growth of the gestational weeks and the flow velocity increases gradually too, while the resistance index had no obvious variation with the growth of the gestational weeks. Conclusions According to the characteristic ultrasound images, such as "V-shape" sign, "three-finger" sign, "Z-shape" sign and "hockey-handle" sign, the fetal ductus arteriosus can be identified promptly.

Objective To explore the value of ductus arteriosus in ultrasound diagnosis of fetal congenital heart disease by echocardiography. Methods The fetal echocardiography was performed with three segments diagnosis method. According to the fetal position, the ductus arteriosus was examined in different sections which include the V shape sign section formed by ductus arteriosus and right pulmonary artery,the V shape sign section formed by ductus arteriosus and the gorge of aortic arch,the three fingers sign section formed by ductus arteriosus,left and right pulmonary artery,the Z shape sign section formed by left pulmonary artery, ductus arteriosus and the gorge of aortic arch. The flow velocity and the inner diameter of the ductus arteriosus were measured. Results Thirty-one cases with congenital heart disease were evaluted. Thirteen cases were approved by autopsy. Among those fetus, 4 cases went with ductus arteriosus stenosis and they all accompanied with right heart obstructing disease,3 cases went with dilated ductus arteriosus and they all accompanied with left heart obstructing disease. Retrograde were explored in 2 fetus. The flow velocity of 5 fetus ductus arteriosus were higher than the normal fetus and 4 cases of them with right heart obstruction, 1 cases with left heart obstruction. Five fetal ductus arteriosus were normal. One fetal ductus arteriosus was absent. Conclusions Assessant of ductus arteriosus by echocardiography is an important content in screening fetal congenital heart disease. It can help us to diagnose quickly.

Objective To study the effect of Yiqi Jiedu compound on autoimmune regulator(Aire)and transcription factor retinoic acid-related orphan receptor(ROR-γt)/Effects of forkhead wing helix transcription factor 3(Foxp3)-related inflammatory factor expression.Methods The EAMG model was replicated by immunization-induced injection of mouse-derived AchR-α subunit 97-116 peptide,including normal group,model group,positive control group(prednisone),and Yiqi Jiedu compound high-dose,medium-dose and low-dose groups.Group of 10,the behaviors and Lennon scores of the rats in each group were observed.ELISA method was used to detect serum transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)and interleukin-6(IL-6)levels.Western blot was used to detect the thymus tissue of EAMG rats.The expression of Aire and Foxp3,and the expression of RORγt in the thymus tissue of rats in each group was detected by RT-PCR.Results Compared with before treatment,the Lennon grading score of each drug group was significantly decreased;compared with the prednisone group,there was no significant difference in the Lennon score of each dose group of Yiqi Jiedu compound(P>0.05).RT-PCR detection results showed that compared with the normal group,the relative expression of RORγt mRNA in the thymus of the model group was significantly increased(P<0.01).Western blot detection results showed that the expressions of Aire and Foxp3 in the model group were significantly lower than those in the normal group(P<0.05);The levels of Aire and Foxp3 proteins in thymus of the rats in each drug group were significantly higher than those of model group(P<0.01).ELISA results showed that serum IL-6 content in model group was significantly higher than that in normal group(P<0.01),while TGF-β1 content was significantly lower than that in normal group(P<0.01).After intragastric administration,the content of IL-6 in all drug groups was significantly decreased,and the content of TGF-β1 was significantly increased(P<0.01).Conclusion Yiqi Jiedu compound can improve the symptoms of muscle weakness in EAMG rats,and its mechanism may be through up-regulating the expression of Aire protein,regulating immune inflammatory response,affecting the differentiation of Th17/Treg,thereby regulating the immune balance of ROR-γt/Foxp3.The role of autoimmune response may be one of the mechanisms of its treatment of MG.

OBJECTIVE: To study the health service development in Hunan Province, and to find out the advantages and disadvantages, and to make tentative specific suggestions. METHODS: Comparison was made in Yunnan, Hunan, and Zhejiang Provinces in 4 major areas: health institutions, personnels, facilities, and funding. RESULTS: The overall health service of Hunan Province was good: The health resources increased, the allocations were reasonable, and the health expenditure decreased. Some problems appeared, such as backward primary health, shortage of medical talents, inefficient use of hospital beds, deducted government investment, increased business income, and large urban-rural gap. CONCLUSION There is urgent need to further develop health institutions and increase personnels, particularly improving the primary health care and making use of traditional Chinese medicine; improving the management of hospital beds to increase efficiency, increasing financial support to reduce the patients' burden, and ensuring the need of rural health care.
China ; Delivery of Health Care ; trends ; Health Services ; economics ; statistics & numerical data ; Health Services Administration ; Humans ; Rural Health ; economics

OBJECTIVE: To establish a comprehensive evaluation system for the development of health services, and to assess the levels of health services in 2008 and 2009 in Hunan compared with seven other provinces in central China, so as to provide a basis for hygiene management decisions. METHODS: In order to establish a comprehensive evaluation system, a Delphi method, a boundary value method, and an RSR method were applied, respectively, to survey indices of health service development, to screen indices, and to determine index weights. A weighted TOPSIS method was used to evaluate the development status of health services of the eight provinces. RESULTS: The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.884, indicating a proper surface validity and a content validity. The expert positive coefficient, authority coefficient and Kendall coefficient were 93.75%, 0.8117, and 0.31, respectively. A comprehensive evaluation system, which consisted of 3 primary indices, 10 secondary indices and 52 tertiary indices, was established. The result of the comprehensive evaluation showed that the health services development of Hunan Province ranked 7th and 6th among the 8 central provinces for 2008 and 2009, respectively. CONCLUSION The established, comprehensive evaluation system has a high reliability. Health services development of Hunan Province is relatively backward among the 8 central provinces.
China ; Health Services ; standards ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective:To understand the cognition of the family caregivers of terminal cancer patients on digital health intervention, to clarify their actual needs, and to analyze the obstacles to their acceptance of digital health intervention, so as to develop a digital health intervention plan for the family caregivers of terminal cancer patients.Methods:From February 2024 to March 2024, the family caregivers of 16 patients with terminal cancer in Hunan Cancer Hospital Pain Hospice Ward were selected by objective sampling, who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were interviewed in a semi-structured manner about the cognition and needs of digital health intervention, and the interview contents were sorted and analyzed using the Colaizzi7 step method.Results:A total of 16 family caregivers of terminal cancer patients, 4 males and 12 females, aged 26-55 years, were interviewed. Four themes were distilled from the interview results: family caregivers of terminally cancer patients agree on the importance of digital health interventions; lack of awareness of digital health interventions; expectations of digital health interventions; and possible confounders affecting digital health interventions.Conclusions:The family caregivers of terminal cancer patients had insufficient awareness of digital health intervention, but all showed affirmation of the development of digital health intervention services. It is recommended to actively improve the basic conditions of digital health services, strengthen publicity, raise the level of awareness of the family caregivers, and positively overcome the relevant interfering factors, so as to gradually promote the development of digital health services.

In recent years,public hesitancy to vaccinate has come to the fore and can hinder the advancement of immunization programs.It is important to increase public confidence in vaccines and to rationally and effectively promote the immunization behavior of the population.Based on behavioral economics theory,it combines the anchoring effect,loss aversion,two-systems theory,and the herd effect to explore the irrational factors and decision-making preferences behind the public's vaccination decisions,and then proposes discourse strategies for effective boosting to increase the public's confidence in vaccination.

In recent years,public hesitancy to vaccinate has come to the fore and can hinder the advancement of immunization programs.It is important to increase public confidence in vaccines and to rationally and effectively promote the immunization behavior of the population.Based on behavioral economics theory,it combines the anchoring effect,loss aversion,two-systems theory,and the herd effect to explore the irrational factors and decision-making preferences behind the public's vaccination decisions,and then proposes discourse strategies for effective boosting to increase the public's confidence in vaccination.

In recent years,public hesitancy to vaccinate has come to the fore and can hinder the advancement of immunization programs.It is important to increase public confidence in vaccines and to rationally and effectively promote the immunization behavior of the population.Based on behavioral economics theory,it combines the anchoring effect,loss aversion,two-systems theory,and the herd effect to explore the irrational factors and decision-making preferences behind the public's vaccination decisions,and then proposes discourse strategies for effective boosting to increase the public's confidence in vaccination.