Objective To evaluate the nursing effect of warming feeding formulation of the enteral nutrition associated diarrhea in the critically ill tube-fed patients. Methods A total of 60 patients with enteral feeding were enrolled and divided randomly into the warming group and the room temperature group with 30 cases in each group by random digits table method. The room temperature group received room temperature oral feeding by nutrition pump. The warming group used nutrition pump and heating rod was placed on the nutritional tube 50 cm far from patient's nose. A semi-quantitative scale based on stool volume and consistency was used for daily assessment of diarrhea. Results Patients were tube-fed for a mean duration of (11.20±2.98) and (10.93±2.69) days, respectively in the room temperature group and the warming group. There was no significant difference in these two groups (U=425.000, P > 0.05). The diarrhea score was 4.88 ±3.41 in the room temperature group and 5.51±4.44 in the warming group. There was no significant difference in these two groups (U=436.500, P > 0.05). The diarrhea per total feeding days was 10.42%(35/336) in the room temperature group and 16.24%(51/314)in the warming group. There was no significant difference in these two groups (χ2=4.862, P < 0.05). Conclusions The airtight enteral nutrition does not need warming when it is infused with the enteral nutrition pump at room temperature.

Objective To study the antipyretic,anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Chaigeshubiao granules. Methods Animals were randomly divided into 6 groups:blank control group,indomethacin group,Fengreganmao granules group and the high, the medium and the low dosage groups of Chaigeshubiao granules ( 26, 13, 6. 5 g . kg-1 ) . Each group was administered via intragastric administration once a day for 5 days.Rat model suffering from fever by dried yeast,relieving fever of Chaigeshubiao granules was investigated;Rats with toe swelling by 1% carrageenin and mice with ear swelling by dimethylbenzene were applied to observe anti-inflammatory effects of Chaigeshubiao granules were observed;The pain models induced by 0. 6%acetic acid and the hot-plate tests in mice were used to observe the analgesic effects of Chaigeshubiao granules. Results Compared with negative control group,Chaigeshubiao granules in high dosage could obviously decrease the temperature of rat with fever induced by dried yeast 0.5 h later,and the medium dosage group decreased 4-6 h later. Moreover,Chaigeshubiao granules in high dosage could inhibit inflammatory reaction of rat with toe swelling caused by albumen at 1 h,2 h,3 h,when the medium dosage group inhibited at 2 h,3 h,4 h. The inhibition ratio of the mice with ear swelling induced by dimethylbenzene was 58.2%, 52.0% and 53.9%,respectively at the high,medium and low dose groups. And the inhibition ratio of retortion of mice by 0.6%acetic acid was 50.5%,68.8%,58.1%,respectively, at the high,medium and low dose groups. In addition,the high,medium and low dose groups reduced the pain reaction latency of mice in the hot-plate tests. Conclusion Chaigeshubiao granules have antipyretic,anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions.

Objective To investigate the effect of different reference transducer positions measurement on intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) in ICU patients. Methods 31 cases of patients in ICU in need of measuring IAP were studied from January 2015 to July 2015 in this study. In each patient, transvesical and the direct methods were both used to measure IAP. Three sets of IAP measurements were obtained in the supine position, using the different reference levels and kept as IAPpubis, IAPmidax, IAPphlebostatic. The results were compared using Spearman rank correlation,paired t test and Bland–Altman statistics. Results When symphysis pubis was uesd, the result of direct method was (9.82±4.01) mmHg, the result of indirect method was (8.77 ± 4.48)mmHg (P<0.05), the correction between two methods was 0.967, P<0.05. When midaxillary level was uesd to measure, the result of direct method was (11.74 ± 4.71) mmHg, the result of indirect method was (11.65 ± 4.63)mmHg, the correction between two methods was 0.972, P=0.10. When phlebostatic was uesd, the result of direct method was (10.98 ± 4.65) mmHg, the result of indirect method was (10.38 ± 4.75)mmHg, the correction between two methods was 0.970, P<0.05. The calculated bias between IAPmidax and IAPpubis was 2.9 mmHg, 95%agreement of limits was (-0.8-6.5) mmHg, and the maximum difference value was 11 mmHg. The calculated bias between IAPmidax and IAPphlebostatic was1.3 mmHg, 95%agreement of limits was-1.4-4.0 mmHg, and the maximum difference value was 4.2 mmHg. Conclusion In supine position, the value obtained via the bladder can reflect the true IAP, and the symphysis pubis or phlebostatic axis reference lines are not interchangeable with the midaxillary level.

Objective To analyze the change of cysteinyl leukotriene ( Cys-LTs) levels and 8-Isopros-tane (8-iso-PG) levels in the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) of asthmatic children from acute exacerbation to clinical remission, and investigate the role of the detection of Cys-LTs and 8-iso-PG in EBC in its severity and pathogenesis , and explore the relationship between the Cys-LTs and 8-iso-PG through measuring Cys-LTs levels and 8-iso-PG levels in the EBC of asthmatic children. Methods The outpatient or inpatient asthmatic children of the pediatrics and a group of healthy children were studied. All subjects′ EBC were collected by the R-Tube produced by American Respiratory Research. The concentration of Cys-LTs and 8-iso-PG in EBC were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and compared among children in asthmatic exacerbation, asthmatic remission, and healthy condition. The relevance of their change would be explored at the same time. Results (1) Cys-LTs levels in EBC were higher in asthma exacerbation, compared to healthy controls (P<0. 05), while no significant difference were found between asthmatic remission and asthmatic exacerbation or healthy controls ( P>0. 05 ) . ( 2 ) 8-iso-PG levels was higher in asthmatic exacerbation compared to asth-matic remission ( P<0. 05 ) . Moreover, the 8-iso-PG levels were significantly higher in asthmatic remission than in healthy controls (P<0. 05). (3) Through the relevance analysis of the Cys-LTs and 8-iso-PG levels in EBC among the three groups, Cys-LTs levels in EBC of asthmatic exacerbation significantly were correlated with 8-iso-PG levels (n1 =35, r1 =0. 61, P<0. 05), while there was no significant correlation between 8-iso-PG levels and Cys-LTs levels in asthmatic remission. Conclusion The increase of 8-iso-PG levels in EBC of bronchial asthmatic patients correlates with the disease and its control. Therefore, 8-iso-PG can be an objective indicator for asthmatic diagnosis and healing efficacy. Cy-LTs levels increase in the EBC of bronchial asthmatic according to disease severity. The two levels correlate during asthmatic exacerbation, indicating that a link be-tween airway oxidative stress and inflammation among asthmatics.

Objective To develop the knowledge-attitude-practice scale for evaluating intra-abdominal pressure measurement in ICU nurses and assess its reliability and validity preliminary. Methods Applied the methods of literature review and Delphi expert consultation to form the knowledge-attitude-practice scale for evaluating intra-abdominal pressure measurement in ICU nurses on the basis of the knowledge-attitude-practice framework. A total of 165 nurses from ICU department were finally involved. Items analysis, exploratory factor analysis, content validity, internal consistency test and split-half reliability were used to evaluate the scale. Results Factor analysis revealed five factors (23 items), accounting for 52.5%of the total variance. The Cronbach αcoefficient was 0.869 for the total scale and 0.612, 0.749 and 0.848 for the subscales of knowledge, attitude and practice. The split-half coefficient was 0.784. Conclusions The knowledge-attitude-practice scale has good reliability and validity, and can be used to assess the intra-abdominal pressure measurement in ICU nurses.

Objective To study the risk factors of diarrhea associated with enteral nutrition in elderly patients with severe disease.Method One hundred elderly patients with enteral nutrition from July 2015 to May 2016 were divided into two groups. 36 elderly patients were enrolled in the diarrhea group,while 64 elderly patients without diarrhea were allocated in the control group. Body mss index (BMI),APACHEⅡscore, whether have hypoproteinemia and mechanical ventilation,whether use antibiotics,antiacids and prokinetics, etc. Information of patients were collected,and relevant data of patients in two groups were analyzed by logistic regression.Results The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the most dangerous factors of enteral nutrition associated with diarrhea in patients were hypoproteinemia and mechanical ventilation during enteral nutrition (OR=2.528,4.184;P<0.05).Conclusions The serum protein should be assessed before carrying out enteral nutrition in elderly patients in case the presence of hypoproteinemia. For elderly patients with mechanical ventilation,the speed of enteral nutrition should slow down,the dose should be reduced with intermittent infusion.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common disease that can be prevented and treated with persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation.Emphysema and small airway disease are important pathological features.Lung imaging technology can assess the patient's airway disease,and evaluate the prognosis.Chest CT examination can provide more information for early diagnosis in patients with COPD,and can objectively evaluate emphysema,small airway,pulmonary function,pulmonary blood vessels,and classify the patients into subgroup and make individual assessment of drug treatment;MRI examination can assess pulmonary microvascular blood flow (PMBF).Making full use of lung imaging examination could provide a reliable theoretical basis of the early diagnosis of COPD,disease assessment,and prognosis evaluation.This article made a review of the latest progress imaging based on the literature.

Vigilance is defined as the ability to maintain attention or alertness over prolonged periods of time. Since Mid-20th century, following the increasing man-machine communication, high level of vigilance has been demanded in many areas including driving safety, medical care and therapy, aerospace and military affairs, etc. Therefore, finding quick methods to improve the level of vigilance has become a key issue in medical study. Based on physical regulation, chemical regulation and physiological regulation, the research progress has been summarized in this paper. We, furthermore, also try to predict the future trend in this academic area and develop some tentative ideas about seeking more effective and convenient ways to improve the level of brain vigilance.
Arousal ; physiology ; Attention ; Brain ; physiology ; Coffee ; Humans ; Light ; Rest ; physiology ; Sound

Objective To investigate the current prevention status of hospital acquired venous thromboembolism(VTE) in Shandong province, to further improve the prevention and control of VTE system, and provide reference for prevention of hospital care to improve the quality of VTE. Methods An electronic questionnaire survey was conducted among nurses in 81 hospitals of Shandong province. The questionnaire mainly included three parts:basic information,the current prevention status of hospital acquired VTE and the training needs of nurses. A total of 3 766 valid questionnaires were recovered. Results 59.26%(48/81)hospitals established multi-discipinary team to prevent VTE,76.00%(38/50)of the tertiary hospitals established multi-discipinary team, which was higher than 32.26% (10/31) of the secondary hospitals, the difference was statistically significant (χ2=15.166, P=0.000). The VTE risk assessment scale had been routinely used to assess the risk of VTE in hospitalized patients,80.37%(352/438) tertiary hospital departments implemented grading nursing care while 71.43%(175/245) secondary hospitals departments implemented grading nursing care, the difference was statistically significant(χ2=7.120, P=0.008). Each level hospital mechanical preventive equipment configuration rate was less than 70%.Training needs of nurses:92.11%(3 469/3 766)nurses believed that it was necessary to organize the VTE related knowledge training for nurses,but there were significant differences in the training of nurses with different professional titles (Z=-12.607, P=0.000). 48.04%(1 149/2 392) nurses with junior grade professional titles were not trained. Conclusions The hospital attaches great importance to the prevention of hospital acquired VTE,but the construction level of VTE prevention system is unevenness, and primary hospitals should be further reinforced. The risk assessment scale selection lacks of uniform standards, mechanical preventive equipment allocation rate should to be further improved. And the training of primary nurses should be further strengthened.

This study summarizes the clinical application,technical characteristics,and production process of intravascular shockwave catheters.It collects statistics on adverse events of related products from the MAUDE database,analyzes the causes of adverse events and failure modes of intravascular shockwave catheters,and identifies risk points.Based on the whole life cycle management method of medical devices,combined with product risks and the requirements of Good Manufacturing Practice for Medical Devices and related appendices,the critical control points of such products in the design and development,manufacturing,sales,and use stages are discussed.