Anatomy experimental teaching for nursing students in higher vocational college should reflect the actuality of nursing work,strengthen anatomical structure knowledge related with nursing procedures,help solve the difficuhies in nursing operation.We reformed on experimental item,experiment teaching content,design of experiment teaching procedure and making of experiment teaching specimens,etc.We also created situational teaching scene and combine anatomical structure with nursing ideas thus to make the students master the knowledge of anatomy,which can meet the clinical nursing operation related requirements.Therefore,basic medical education must make students use what they learn and closely correlated with its profession and clinical application.

Objective This study was to investigate the characteristics of posterior corneal astigmatism (PCA) and aberration in cataract patients with high myopia.Methods A retrospective study was designed.Two hundred and eighty-two eligible eyes of 190 cataract patients were enrolled in Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University from September to December,2014.The eyes were classified into two groups according to axial length (AL):high myopia group with 139 eyes (AL≥26 mm) and control group with 143 eyes (AL was 20 to 25 mm).The mean keratometric mid-radius of curvature (Km),corneal central thickness (CCT),astigmatism and aberrations were measured by the rotating Scheimpflug System (Pentacam),and the AL were measured by the partial coherence interferometry (IOL Master).This study followed the Helsinki declaration,and was approved by the Ethic Committee of Eye and ENT Hospital,Fudan University.Informed consent was signed from each patient.Results In high myopia group,the mean PCA was 0.3 D (range 0 ～ 0.9 D) and 92.8％ eyes had PCA values ＜0.5 D.The steep corneal meridian was aligned vertically (60°～ 120°) in 87.1％ eyes for the posterior corneal surface.There was no significant difference in PCA between the high myopia group and the control group (P =0.797).Significant positive linear correlations was found between PCA and anterior corneal astigmatism (ACA),PCA and anterior corneal root mean square (RMS),PCA and anterior lower-order RMS,PCA and posterior corneal RMS,PCA and posterior high-order RMS,PCA and posterior lower-order RMS (r =0.235,P =0.005;r =0.217,P =0.010;r =0.229,P =0.007;r =0.395,P =0.000;r =0.243,P =0.004;r =0.384,P =0.000).Compared with total corneal astigmatism (TCA),anterior corneal measurements overestimated with-the-rule astigmatism (WTR) by a mean of (0.27 ± 0.18) D in 65.67％ eyes,underestimated against-the-rule astigmatism (ATR) by (0.27 ± 0.18) D in 88.10％ eyes and underestimated oblique astigmatism (Obl) by (0.22 ± 0.10) D in 63.33％ eyes.Compared with total corneal aberrations,anterior corneal aberrations measurements overestimated by (0.275 ±0.176) μm in 87.05 ％ eyes,and the anterior corneal astigmatism types had no effect on the result.Conclusions In high myopia group,92.8％ eyes had PCA values ＜0.5 D and the main astigmatism type in posterior corneal surface was ATR.The posterior corneal astigmatism and aberration were needed to consider in choosing intraocular lens (IOL) before cataract surgery.

Objective To study the inhibitory effect of Huidu Yinhua powder from the Orthodox Manual of External Medicine on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA),virulence factor α-hemolysin(Hla)activity,and biofilm formation,and to explore the optimal ratios of Huidu Yinhua powder and provide experimental support for its use.Methods The inhibitory effects of Huidu Yinhua powder and the herbs in the formula on USA300 were analyzed by the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC),minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC),and disk diffusion assay(K-B method).Hemolysis,neutralization,oligomerization,and Western blot assays were used to verify in which form the drug inhibits the activity of virulence factor α-hemolysin(Hla).A biofilm assay was performed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of Huidu Yinhua powder on biofilm.Orthogonal experiments were performed to explore the optimal ratio of Huidu Yinhua powder.Results Huidu Yinhua powder inhibited the MRSA strain with a MIC90 of 64 mg/mL and an MBC of 256 mg/mL with antibacterial circle diameter of(7.50±0.50)mm.Huidu Yinhua powder inhibited Hla activity by inhibiting Hla secretion.The minimum effective concentration(MEC)was 16 mg/mL,and the MEC of biofilm was 8 mg/mL.In Huidu Yinhua powder,honeysuckle and astragalus only affected the hemolytic activity of MRSA and biofilm formation without inhibiting bacterial growth.The hemolytic activity and biofilm of MEC were both 32 mg/mL.Glycyrrhiza had a strong bacterial inhibitory capacity with a MIC90 of 8 mg/mL and biofilm MEC of 1 mg/mL without showing inhibitory hemolytic activity at subinhibitory concentrations.The orthogonal experiment showed that,at a ratio of honeysuckle,astragalus,and glycyrrhiza in Huidu Yinhua powder of 1∶2∶4,the MIC90 was 16 mg/mL,MEC of hemolytic activity was 8 mg/mL and that of biofilm was 4 mg/mL,both of which were the lowest among the nine groups.Conclusions Huidu Yinhua powder affects the hemolytic activity and biofilm formation of MRSA at subinhibitory concentrations with the optimal ratio of honeysuckle,astragalus,and glycyrrhiza being 1∶2∶4.

Objective To observe the oral part of the facial artery and facial vein and to provide anatomical data for clinical applica-tion. Methods The origin, branches, course, diameter, position of oral part of facial artery and facial vein were observed on 32 fixed cada-ves (64 sides). Results The position relation between the facial artery and facial vein is non-constant. Measure the distance from inferior border of mandible to corner of the mouth, angulus mandibulae, mental protuberance midpoint. It is (5. 49 ± 0. 63) cm, (2. 50 ± 0. 89) cm and (6. 20 ± 1. 68) cm in the left side respectively, and (5. 69 ± 0. 72) cm, (2. 56 ± 1. 08) cm and (6. 85 ± 1. 86) cm in the right side re-spectively. The diameter of facial artery in inferior border of mandible is (0. 33 ± 0. 08) cm in the left side and (0. 38 ± 0. 07) cm in the right side;while the diameter of facial vein is (0. 40 ± 0. 12) cm in the left side and (0. 42 ± 0. 18) cm in the right side. The facial artery and facial vein are not concomitant and they are not asymmetry also. The position of superior labial artery arteries is constant, but the position of inferior labial artery arteries have more variations. Conclusion The branches, course, diameter and position of oral part of facial artery and facial vein have a number of variations. The superior labial artery arteries could be positioned more easily than inferior labial artery arter-ies. Being familiar with their distribution is of great importance for clinical application.

Natural plant-derived diterpenoids are a class of compounds with diverse structures and functions. These compounds are widely used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food additives industries because of their pharmacological properties such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. In recent years, with the gradual discovery of functional genes in the biosynthetic pathway of plant-derived diterpenoids and the development of synthetic biotechnology, great efforts have been made to construct a variety of diterpenoid microbial cell factories through metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, resulting in gram-level production of many compounds. This article summarizes the construction of plant-derived diterpenoid microbial cell factories through synthetic biotechnology, followed by introducing the metabolic engineering strategies applied to improve plant-derived diterpenoids production, with the aim to provide a reference for the construction of high-yield plant-derived diterpenoid microbial cell factories and the industrial production of diterpenoids.
Diterpenes/metabolism* ; Biotechnology ; Metabolic Engineering ; Biosynthetic Pathways/genetics* ; Plants/genetics* ; Synthetic Biology