This article analyzes the risk factors of cystospasm and the related nursing countermeasure during cystospasm. The risk factors of cystospasm were analyzed by checking literature published in recent years. These studies suggest that only by fully understanding the risk factors of cystospasm can we take corresponding nursing measures on the patients. At the same time the occurrence of cystospasm can be reduced. It also can relieve the patients' pain and anxiety and help the patients recover earlier.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy( DPN) is one of the most common chronic complications and the disabling one, which is related to chronic hyperglycemia and microvascular changes. Currently, the treatments of diabetic peripheral neuropathy contains glu-cose control,pain management,etiological treatment,prevention and remove risk factors. So we make a review on the progress on the treatment of DPN by now , providing a scientific basis to a advanced and effective program.

Objective:To investigate the use of antibacterial drugs during the perioperative period of a cesarean section and observe the differences before and after antibacterial drug remediation. Methods:1 569 cesarean cases from 2010 to 2012 were investigated, and the use of antibacterial drugs, drug categories, drug combinations, medical expenses, and so on was statistically analyzed with the use of the statistical software SPSS13. 0. Results:The rate of antibacterial drug usage within the 1 569 cesarean cases was 100%;for pre-operative antibacterial drug remediation, azithromycin, cefathiamidine, and ornidazole were the top three, while the top three antibacterial drugs for post-oper-ative remediation were arecefathiamidine, cefuroxime, and clindamycin. There was no significant difference between the two groups of incision infections, and the rate for combined use of drugs dropped. The analysis of drug costs is of statistical significance. Conclusion:The analysis of antibacterial drug remediation is useful for the rational use of anti-bacterial drugs and a reduction of costs.

Objective To observe the incidence of vaccinating BCG vaccine according to plan in bronchiolitis developed into child bronchial asthma in the future.Methods Using the method of retrospective study and clinical follow-up,chosen 280 children diagnosed with bronchiolitis from January 1995 to December 2002,135 cases were vaccinated BCG vaccine according to plan (vaccinated BCG group),145 cases were not vaccinated BCG vaccine according to plan (non-vaccinated BCG group),followed up for 3-10 years,the incidence of bronchial asthma between two groups were compared.Results The incidence of bronchial asthma in vaccinated BCG group was lower than that in non-vaccinated BCG group [17.04％(23/135) vs.40.69％(59/145)],there was significant difference (P＜ 0.01).Conclusions It's easy for bronchiolitis developing into bronchial asthma in children.Vaccinating BCG vaccine in time in occurrence of bronchial asthma show a protective effect in the future.

Multi-drug resistance(MDR) is the most frequent reason for tumor chemotherapeutic failure.ATP binding cassette(ABC) drug transporters play an important role in tumor MDR.ABCC1 is one of the members of ABC transporter super-family,which lead to drug risistance via discarding drug out of cell or changing the drug distribution in a cell.In this article,we reviewed the advance in MDR mediated by ABCC1 and its reverse.

Objective To research the impact of various PEEP parameters of mechanical ventilation on liver mor-phology and function and on hemodynamics. Methods Fifty patients of respiratory failure due to COPD using mechanical ventilation was observed by prospective, exoterical and self-control methods after their condition were stabilized. The varia-tion of abdominal pressure was measured with different PEEP of 0 cmH2O, 5 cmH2O and 10 cmH2O with mechanical ventila-tion, and measured when patients breathe autonomously with tracheostomy tube. The changes of liver morphology, hepatic por-tal vein diameter, hemodynamics and liver function were also measured on above circumstances. Results With PEEP value increases:the abdominal pressure (IAP) rise (P＜0.01) while liver morphology, function and hepatic portal did not change markedly evidently (P>0.05). By contrast, blood flow of hepatic portal vein reduced with PEEP increase (P＜0.05). Conclu-sion Higher PEEP values on mechanical ventilation will causes abdominal pressure increases and low blood flow of hepatic portal , but not obvious impact on portal vein diameter and liver function.

Objective To get a knowledge of the current status of international research on Ebola virus and Ebola virus disease (EVD).Methods All the articles about EVD from PubMed database were retrieved and analyzed.After core subject headings had been identified by BICOMB,the co-occurrence matrix was established.Cluster analysis about co-occurrence matrix was performed by SPSS 19.0.The visualized network image was drawn by Ucinet 6.0.Results A total of 1 384 literatures were involved in the analysis,with the earliest one published in 1979.The number of literatures was increasing along with time and disease outbreaks.Totally 1 213 (87.6％) literatures were published by Europe and U.S.There were 27 core subjects and they were clustered into 3 research areas from 1979 to 2014,including Ebola virus genome structure and viral proteins,especially the envelope protein; immunology of Ebola virus and animal models; epidemiology,diagnosis and treatment of Ebola hemorrhagic fever.The visualized social network reflected that the prevention of EVD,the genome and immunology of Ebola were the major concerns.Conclusion It has been 35 years since the literatures on Ebola virus and EVD emerged.The United States and the United Kingdom are the top two countries in this field.The present studies have laid a crucial foundations for developing effective vaccines and diagnostic reagents.

Objective To investigate the role of MDM2in the cell proliferation and carcinogenesis in condyloma acuminatum(CA).Methods The technique of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were used to detect the expression of MDM2protein and mRNA in skin lesions of CA and normal skin of genital area.Polymerase-chain reaction(PCR)was used to type HPV DNA.Results Out of32CA specimens,the expression of MDM2protein was found in18(56.25%),the expression of MDM2mRNA was found in22(68.75%),while co-expression of MDM2protein and MDM2mRNA was found in14.According to PCR results,HPV6/11subtype was shown in28out of32CA specimens(87.5%),and HPV16/18subtype was shown in4out of32(12.5%).In eighteen out of positive specimens expressing MDM2protein,HPV6/11subtype was shown in15and HPV16/18subtype3.In twenty-two positive specimens expressing MDM2mRNA,there were HPV6/11subtype in18,and4were HPV16/18subtype.No expression of MDM2protein and MDM2mRNA was observed in normal skin.Conclusion The overexpression of MDM2may be involved in malignant proliferation and carcinomatous change of condyloma acuminatum.

Objective To investigate the effect of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) on the healing of skin ulcers using Balb/c mice. Methods Wounds with a diameter 6 mm were created on each side of the backs of BalB/c mice ( n = 150) using a punch bioptome. The mice were assigned randomly into a control group ( wounds healed naturally), a laser group (wounds treated with a He-Ne laser for 10 min daily) and a CAP group (wounds treated with CAP for 10 min daily). Wound healing was evaluated on postoperative days (PODs) 4, 7, 10 and 14 in terms of percent wound closure. Ten mice per group were sacrificed on each of the evaluation days. Both wounds were removed and a histological examination was conducted. A scoring system was used to evaluate the wounds. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) in the wounded tissue was detected by using immunohistochemical methods on POD 7. The results were quantified using an HPIAS-1000 system. Results Compared with the control group, the average percentage of wound healing was significantly greater in the CAP group on PODs 7 and 10. The average scores on the histological examination were significantly higher in the CAP group on PODs 7, 10 and 14. Compared with the other two groups, the expression of VEGF was up-regulated significantly in the CAP group.Conclusions CAP can positively affect the wound healing process. This might be related to the up-regulation of VEGF in the wounded tissues.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for improving licensed pharmacist qualification system and the legislation of Li-censed Pharmacist Law in China. METHODS:The implementation of licensed pharmacist system in China was introduced;based on the experience of licensed assistant physician system in China and pharmacy technician qualification system in USA,the necessi-ty and feasibility of setting up licensed assistant pharmacist were interpreted. RESULTS&CONCLUSIONS:At present,it is neces-sary to draw lessons from licensed assistant physician system in China and pharmacy technician qualification system in USA and set up licensed assistant pharmacist because of the shortage of licensed pharmacist,low threshold of qualification admittance,non-stan-dard licensed qualification of primary(assistant)pharmacy technician,absence of Licensed Pharmacist Law. It is recommended to promote the legislation of Licensed Pharmacist Law through clearing the definition and responsibility of licensed assistant pharma-cist,confirming examination scope and the threshold of qualification admittance,etc.