The pharmacologic action of Atractylodis Rhizoma and its effective constituents in digestive system includes mainly anti-ulcer activity,acceleration of gastric emptying,regulation of gastrointestinal propellant movement,antidiarrheat effect,choleretic effect,hepatoprotection,and promotion of digestive and absorptive function.Atractylodis Rhizoma decreases gastric acid secretion via blockade of H2-receptor,and inhibits overexpression of inflammatory cytokines in gastric tissues to produce anti-ulcer effect.Atractylodis Rhizoma increases gastric mucosal blood flow,and improves growth and reparation of gastric mucosa to produce anti-ulcer effect by blockade of 5-TH receptor,and elevating levels of gastrin and trefoil factor in serum and gastric tissues.Atractylodis Rhizoma accelerating gastric emptying and gastrointestinal propellant movement is relative to decreasing release of central corticotropin-releasing factor,and stimulating vagal nerve,and promoting secretion of gastrin and motilin,and inhibiting secretion of vasoactive intestinal peptide,and blocking 5-HT-3receptor,and increasing amount of interstitial cell of Cajal.

By increasing the release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiomyocytes,salidroside elevates myocardial contraction,and by up-regulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase expression,and down-regulation ofcalcineurin expression to promote Ca2+ return to sarcoplasmic reticulum,salidroside obstructs Ca2+ overload-induced myocardial injury,and improves heart function.Salidroside inhibits lipid peroxidation,and increases activities of enzymatic antioxidants in heart tissue,and inhibits expression of inflammatory cytokines,and mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening,thus blocks myocardial apoptosis,by anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation;salidroside improves myocardial ischemia by up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor and vascular endothelial growth factor expression to promote angiogenesis in ischemic myocardium;salidroside improves respiratory function of mitochondria in myocardium by stimulating PGC-1 αt-NRF-1/NRF-2 signaling pathway to produce finally cardioprotective effect.These effects of salidroside are thought that are major mechanism of antagonizing cardiac injury induced by hypoxia,ischemia,ischemic-reperfusion,exhaustive exercise,chemicals,and biologic toxin.

Anti-oxidation of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid antagonizes oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation,inflammatory injury,steatosis,and fibrosis in liver tissue.Ursolic acid and oleanolic acid could block static state hepatic stellate cells activation and proliferation,and promote active state hepatic stellate cells apoptosis,thus decrease expression of collagen,and increase decomposition of extracellular matrix,to produce the effect in prevention and treatment of hepatic fibrosis by obstruction of JAK2-STAT3 signal transduction to inhibit NOX activation.Ursolic acid and oleanolic acid induce expression of detoxification enzymes and effiux transporters to reduce serum levels of bile acids and bilirubin,and liver levels of bile acids in cholestatic animal,thus ameliorating cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis.Ursolic acid and oleanolic acid inhibit occurrence and development of hepatic steatosis via decreasing hyperlipidemia to inhibit lipid out of liver accumulating to liver,inhibiting hepatic lipid synthesis,and improving lipid metabolism.

Objective To analyze the changes in body size of Chinese newborns in nine cities during 1975-2005.Methods The data of weight,height and head circumference of newborns within 3 days after birth from four national physical growth surveys named “a national survey on growth of children under seven years of age in nine cities of China” in 1975,1985,1995 and 2005 were used.The investigation areas were urban and suburban areas of Beijing,Harbin and Xi'an in the northern part;Shanghai,Nanjing and Wuhan in the central part; Guangzhou,Fuzhou and Kunming in the southern part of China.Random cluster sampling method was used,7325,6660,7109 and 6144 healthy newborns were examined in 1975,1985,1995 and 2005,respectively.The changes of body size between 1975 and 2005,urban-suburban difference and regional difference were compared with u test,ANOVA or x2 test.Results(1)The average weight had increased during the past 30 years no matter boys and girls,from urban and suburban areas.The increments was 40 ～ 100 g.The percentiles of weight had also increased and the distribution had shifted noticeably towards heavier weights.The proportion of macrosomia had increased from 3.2％(212/6660)in 1985 to 4.3％(265/6144)in 2005.(2)The length of newborns remained unchanged over the 30-year period no matter boys and girls,from urban and suburban areas.Head circumference of newborns showed only a minor increase(0.1～0.3 cm).(3)Ponderal index(PI)had increased gradually from 1975 to 2005.The means of PI had increased from 25.4 kg/m3 in 1975 to 26.0 kg/m3 in 2005.(4)Body size of urban newborns was slightly bigger than that of suburban newborns.The urban-suburban difference of weight and height became smaller and smaller in the 30 years,while the urban-suburban difference in PI became slightly bigger in 2005.(5)Weight,height and head circumference of newborns in northern and central areas were higher than those of southern newborns and the regional difference had not significant changes in the 30 years.The PI of newborns in northern and central areas was higher than that of southern part in 1975,while the PI of southern part became the highest in 2005.Conclusions The body size of newborns became slightly bigger and the proportion of macrosomia increased between 1975 and 2005.The urban-suburban difference became smaller and the regional difference remained in the 30 years.

In vitro and in vivo animal model experiments have found that salidroside has protective effect for various causes induced injuries in various neurons and brain tissue.Its mechanisms of neuroprotection are multiple:(1)Protecting neurons from apoptotic injury by resisting oxidative stress,preventing intracellular Ca2 + overload,inhibiting caspase-3 activation,and attenuating hypoxia-induced abnormal metabolism of amyloid precursor protein;(2)promoting directional differentiation of stem cells into neurons and inducing neuronal regeneration;(3)promoting erythropoietin stimulating erythroblasts to be differentiated into erythrocytes and decreasing cerebrovascular resistance,and improving cerebral hypoxia-ischemia.Salidroside is expected to be used in the prevention and treatment of cerebral ischemic and neurodegenerative diseases,such as cerebral infarction,Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,and diabetic encephalopathy.

Salidroside antagonizes hypoxia,H2O2,hyper-glucose,homocysteine,smoking,orweightlessness-induced endothelial cell injury,and antagonizes the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and vascular adventitial fibroblasts induced by hypoxia,hyper-glucose,noradrenaline,platelet-derived growth factor,or angiotensin Ⅱ,thus produces vascular protection and improves vascular function.Salidroside plays a dual role of vasoconstriction and vasodilation in regulating resistant blood vessel.The vasodilatory effect of salidroside is endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent.Salidroside antagonizes vascular contraction and injury induced by KCl,CaCl2,noradrenaline,phenylephrine,homocysteine,hyper-glucose,plateau hypoxia,H2O2,and chlorine.Salidroside relieves cerebral vasospasm induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage,and pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arterial remodeling induced by hypoxia or monocrotaline in rat,attenuates several experimental atherosclerosis,and enhances plaque stability.

Salidroside antagonizes hypoxia,H2O2,hyper-glucose,homocysteine,smoking,orweightlessness-induced endothelial cell injury,and antagonizes the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and vascular adventitial fibroblasts induced by hypoxia,hyper-glucose,noradrenaline,platelet-derived growth factor,or angiotensin Ⅱ,thus produces vascular protection and improves vascular function.Salidroside plays a dual role of vasoconstriction and vasodilation in regulating resistant blood vessel.The vasodilatory effect of salidroside is endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent.Salidroside antagonizes vascular contraction and injury induced by KC1,CaC12,noradrenaline,phenylephrine,homocysteine,hyper-glucose,plateau hypoxia,H2O2,and chlorine.Salidroside relieves cerebral vasospasm induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage,and pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arterial remodeling induced by hypoxia or monocrotaline in rat,attenuates several experimental atherosclerosis,and enhances plaque stability.

Oxypeucedanin (OP) 300 and 600mg/kg ig inhibited the increased permeability of intraperitoneal blood capillary induced by ip 0. 7% acetic acid in mice, xylene-induced swelling of mouse ear, retarded gastrointestinal propellant rate of charcoal ink in normal mice,and reduced the incidence and frequency of purging induced by castor oil or senna in mice. These actions were enhanced in a dose-dependent manner. It is suggested that the antidiarrheal effect of OP is relative to its restriction against inflamation and gastrointestinal propellant function.

OBJECTIVE:To study the analgesic,anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic effects of Rhizoma Cynanchi Stauntonii.METHODS:Experiments were carried out on conventional mouse models of inflammation and pain,and on a thrombotic model of using direct current continuously to stimulate the carotid artery on one side of the neck of anesthetic rat.RESULTS:Alcoholic extract of Rhizoma Cynanchi Stauntonii,in dosages of 5g herb/kg and 15g herb/kg ig,prolonged the latent period of tail flip response to hot water stimulation and reduced acetic acid-induced writhing frequency,and inhibited xylene-induced swelling of the ear and carrageenin-induced swelling of the planta.The extract,10g herb/kg ig,prolonged in vivo coagulative time and thrombotic time induced by electric stimulating artery in rats.CONCLUSION:Rhizoma Cynanchi Stauntonii has analgesic,anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic effects.