Feeding difficulty is a widespread problem with high incidence in the premature infant and small for gestational age. There are many factors to impact the feeding difficulty in premature and small for ges-tational age,including suffocation,primary disease,gestational age,milk time,pregnancy factors,environmental factors,hormone levels. In this paper,we summarize the feeding difficulties′ etiology,pathogenesis,treatment a-bout premature and small for gestational age,aimed at providing the basis of feeding difficulties′prevention and cure for premature and small for gestational age.

Objective To investigate the changes of serum cytokines in children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP).Methods A total of 239 children with MPP hospitalized in our department from Jan 2008 to Dec 2009 served as MPP group,which were redivided into mild MPP group (n =152) and severe MPP group ( n =87 ).Two hundred and sixty-three acute bronchopneumonia children without MPP infection served as non-MPP group.Fifty cases who would undergo hernia and phimosis elective surgery in pediatric surgery department served as control group.All children with pneumonia were detected mycoplasma pneumoniae antibodies and cytokines (TNF-α,IFN-γ,IL-1β,IL-4,IL-6) of serum in the first day of hospitalization and recovery period.Children in control group were detected the level of cytokines only once.Results Serum levels of TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6 in MPP group and non-MPP group were higher than those in　control group ( P ＜ 0.01 ).No significant differences of IFN-γ and IL-4 levels were found among three groups ( P ＞ 0.05 ).Compared with non-MPP group,the levels of IFN-γ,IL-1β and IFN-γ/IL-4 were higher in MPP group ( P ＜ 0.01 ).The levels of TNF-α,IL- 1β,IL-6,and IFN-γ/IL-4 were significantly decreased in　the recovery period of MPP (P ＜0.001,P ＜ 0.05 ).The levels of TNF-α,IL-1β and IFN-γ/IL-4 in severe　MPP children were higher than those in mild MPP children ( P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusion The immunologic　function of MPP children is unbalanced.The serum levels of TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,and IFN-γ/IL-4 are correlated with severity of MPP,which help to evaluate the state of MPP.

Laryngeal cartilage dysplasia,also known as congenital laryngeal cartilage softening or con-genital laryngeal stridor,a clinical common laryngeal disease in infant. It is often shown as airflow makes special sound through larynx or tracheal stenosis,also known as laryngeal stridor. Obstruction can be caused by airway lumen or external pressure. Airway obstruction position can be located in the nose,pharynx and larynx and tra-chea. Laryngeal stridor can be caused by many diseases,such as congenital laryngeal stridor,acute laryngeal,or acute laryngotracheobronchitis,respiratory tract foreign bodies,congenital laryngeal stenosis and laryngeal web, etc. The pathogenesis,pathology,clinical manifestation,diagnosis and treatment are reviewed.

Discussion teaching mode was carried out in the teaching of histology and embryol-ogy for clinical medical undergraduates in Chongqing Medical University from aspects of proposing questions, group learning, class discussing and summarizing. Classroom tests were accompanied to evaluate the teaching effect. It showed the discussion teaching achieved satisfactory effects. The correct answer rate of 92.36%students was≥60%. Students not only acquired knowledge but also increased their comprehensive abilities. The well-supervised topics, active participation of students and timely summary of teachers at the end of the class were the key factors in the practice of the discussion teaching mode.

Objective To investigate the status on children of 3-14 years old who suffered from cerebral palsy in Liaoning province. Methods One thousand three hundred and twenty-three cases of children with cerebral palsy of 3-14 years old who received rehabilitation in city hospital, county hospital and community hospital were investigated from January 2013 to October 2016 in 14 cities in Liaoning Province. The proportion of cerebral palsy children in 3-4 years old, 4-5 years old, 8-9 years old, 5-6 years old , 6-7 years old and 7-8 years old was about 10%, and in the other age the proportion was about 7%. The proportion of men and women generally was 4:1;neonatal convulsion (252 cases, 19%), premature delivery (230 cases , 17.3%) and low birth weight infant (187 cases, 14.1%) were main risk factors and accounted for more than 10%. Spastic type cerebral palsy accounted for the highest proportion (54.35%, 719 cases)and ataxia cerebral palsy accounted for the lowest proportion (2.95%). In complications , lower intelligence accounted for the highest proportion (50.34%, 666 cases), followed by the language barrier (43.99% , 582 cases), and the other complications accounted for less than 10%.;gross motor function classification in most studied children was stageⅡ(35%) and stageⅢ(32.50%); 6.95% patients could go to school, and 84.96% patients had health insurance. Patients coming from city accounted for 69.01%, and patients coming from rural area accounted for 30.99%. Mothers′ education below primary school was 4.16% . 36.05% children received rehabilitation in comprehensive hospital, 60.09%in children′s hospital and 3.85%in maternal and child health hospital. Conclusions Spastic cerebral palsy is the main type of children with cerebral palsy in Liaoning.High risk factors include neonatal convulsions, premature birth and low birth weight infants. Most patients complicate with low intelligence and language barriers.This paper can be used as the basis of further research on prevention and treatment

OBJECTIVETo assess the prevalence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Beijing and the reliability of the sequential fecal occult blood test (SFOBT) for CRC screening.

METHODSOf the natural population (48 100 persons) in several Beijing communities, we screened 26 827 persons with age over 30 using the SFOBT screening program, Guaiacum Fecal Occult Blood Test (GFOBT), Immuno Fecal Occult Blood Test (IFOBT), and colonoscopies.

RESULTSThe screening rate of the population was 74%. The positive rate of SFOBT was 5.6%. The prevalence of CRC in the entire population of Beijing was therefore calculated to be 36.57/10(5). Of 12 CRC detected patients, 4 cases were in stage Dukes A (33.33%), 7 cases in stage Dukes B (58.33%), only 1 case (8.34%) in stage Dukes C.

CONCLUSIONSThe prevalence of CRC in Beijing is one of the highest in China. Individuals at high risk for CRC or those over 50 years of age should be considered as primary candidates for screening. SFOBT screening is a cost-effective and reliable method for early detection of CRC.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; China ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Occult Blood

Histology teaching requires a combination of theory and experiment for a better understanding of microstructure and related functions of body.On the basis of the comparison and summary of the advantages and limitations of traditional light microscopy tissue slices and the emerging digital slicing,we combined them in the teaching of micromorphology experiments to achieve a better teaching results.Each experimental course (about 3 to 4 hours) was divided into four parts:teaching videos,observation of light microscopy tissue slices and digital slicing,discussion on course content and random quizzes.This teaching method contributed to the improvement of the students' interest and motivation in learning,the teachers' teaching efficiency and the overall teaching quality.

Objective:To investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of pulse oximetry among pediatric healthcare providers in China and analyze the factor influencing the KAP.Methods:A self-developed questionnaire was used for an online research on the KAP of 11 849 pediatric healthcare providers from 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities of China from March 11 to 14, 2022.The factors influencing the KAP of pulse oximetry among pediatric healthcare providers were examined by Logistic regression. Results:The scores of KAP, of pulse oximetry were 5.57±0.96, 11.24±1.25 and 11.19±4.54, respectively.The corresponding scoring rates were 69.61%, 74.95%, and 55.99%, respectively. Logistic regression results showed that the gender and working years of pediatric healthcare providers, the region they were located, and whether their medical institution was equipped with pulse oximeters were the main factors affecting the knowledge score (all P<0.05). Main factors influencing the attitude score of pediatric healthcare providers included their knowledge score, gender, educational background, working years, region, medical institution level, and whether the medical institution was equipped with pulse oximeters (all P<0.05). For the practice score, the main influencing factors were the knowledge score, gender, age, and whether the medi-cal institution was equipped with pulse oximeters (all P<0.05). Conclusions:Chinese pediatric healthcare providers need to further improve their knowledge about and attitudes towards pulse oximetry.Pulse oximeters are evidently under-used.It is urgent to formulate policies or guidelines, strengthen education and training, improve knowledge and attitudes, equip more institutions with pulse oximeters, and popularize their application in medical institutions.

BACKGROUND: The effect of arteriosclerotic intracranial arterial vessel wall enhancement (IAVWE) on downstream collateral flow found in vessel wall imaging (VWI) is not clear. Regardless of the mechanism underlying IAVWE on VWI, damage to the patient's nervous system caused by IAVWE is likely achieved by affecting downstream cerebral blood flow. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of arteriosclerotic IAVWE on downstream collateral flow. METHODS: The present study recruited 63 consecutive patients at the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University from January 2021 to November 2021 with underlying atherosclerotic diseases and unilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) M1-segment stenosis who underwent an magnetic resonance scan within 3 days of symptom onset. The patients were divided into 4 groups according to IAVWE and the stenosis ratio (Group 1, n = 17; Group 2, n = 19; Group 3, n = 13; Group 4, n = 14), and downstream collateral flow was analyzed using three-dimensional pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (3D-pCASL) and RAPID software. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores of the patients were also recorded. Two-factor multivariate analysis of variance using Pillai's trace was used as the main statistical method. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found in baseline demographic characteristics among the groups. IAVWE, but not the stenosis ratio, had a statistically significant significance on the late-arriving retrograde flow proportion (LARFP), hypoperfusion intensity ratio (HIR), and NIHSS scores ( F = 20.941, P <0.001, Pillai's trace statistic = 0.567). The between-subject effects test showed that IAVWE had a significant effect on the three dependent variables: LARFP ( R2 = 0.088, F = 10.899, P = 0.002), HIR ( R2 = 0.234, F = 29.354, P <0.001), and NIHSS ( R2 = 114.339, F = 33.338, P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Arteriosclerotic IAVWE significantly reduced downstream collateral flow and affected relevant neurological deficits. It was an independent factor affecting downstream collateral flow and NIHSS scores, which should be a focus of future studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION ChiCTR.org.cn, ChiCTR2100053661.
Humans ; Constriction, Pathologic/pathology* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods* ; Middle Cerebral Artery/pathology* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Development of thoracolumbar vertebra (TLV) and rib primordium (RP) is a common evolutionary feature across vertebrates, although whole-organism analysis of the expression dynamics of TLV- and RP-related genes has been lacking. Here, we investigated the single-cell transcriptome landscape of thoracic vertebra (TV), lumbar vertebra (LV), and RP cells from a pig embryo at 27 days post-fertilization (dpf) and identified six cell types with distinct gene expression signatures. In-depth dissection of the gene expression dynamics and RNA velocity revealed a coupled process of osteogenesis and angiogenesis during TLV and RP development. Further analysis of cell type-specific and strand-specific expression uncovered the extremely high level of HOXA10 3'-UTR sequence specific to osteoblasts of LV cells, which may function as anti-HOXA10-antisense by counteracting the HOXA10-antisense effect to determine TLV transition. Thus, this work provides a valuable resource for understanding embryonic osteogenesis and angiogenesis underlying vertebrate TLV and RP development at the cell type-specific resolution, which serves as a comprehensive view on the transcriptional profile of animal embryo development.