OBJECTIVE:To optimize the formulation of norcantharidin sustained-release tablet and investigate its in vitro release characteristics. METHODS: The tablet was prepared by using hydroxy-propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) as the matrix material. The formulation of the tablet was optimized with the amount of HPMC (A),the amount of lactose (B),the concentration of ethanol (C) and the amount of ethanol (D) as factors and with the comprehensive scores of the in vitro release rate as index. Meanwhile,the in vitro release characteristics of the optimized tablets were investigated. RESULTS: The optimal formulation of the tablet was as follows: A=12 g,B=1.5 g,C=90%,D=10 mL. At 2,6 and 12 h the cumulative release rates of the tablet reached (30.63?1.03)%,(51.70?1.51)% and (89.25?1.04)%,respectively. The mechanism for the drug release was the joint action of diffusion and bulk erosion. CONCLUSION: The optimized norcantharidin sustained-release tablet is up to the expected sustained-release efficacy.

Objective The present study was to analyze the role of ACh-lateral septum(SL)pressor system in the Central amygdaloid nucleus(AC)-emotional pressor circuit.Method Interurban microinjection of different drugs,then blood pressure and heart vate were vecorded.Results(1)CRF(corticotropin releasing factor)or SP(substance P)microinjection into the SL can induced pressor responses.The AC pressor responses to glutamate(Glu)could be attenuated by preinjection of CRF antagonist or SP antagonist into bilateral SL.(2)the AC pressor responses to Glu were also reduced by preinjection of atropine into either bilateral HBL,LC or RVL respectively,(3)Since lateral HB(HBL)projects to the posterior hypothalamus(HP)containing ACh-ergic neurons,and excitation of the latter produces pressor response via the RVL and LC-RVL;atropine preinjection into the HP could also decrease the HBL-and AC-pressor response.Conclusion The present results indicate that the AC produce pressor responses involved with the SL via their CRF and SP,mechanism underlying pressor response of SL is involved in pressor response of AC.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the chemical components of the essential oil from Cnidium monnieri from Anhui versus Henan by GC-MS.METHODS:The essential oil was extracted from Cnidium monnieri by steam distillation;the chemical components of the essential oil were detected by GC-MS;the relative contents of the chemical components were computed using area normalization method.Peaks were separated by capillary GC-MS and their corresponding compounds were identified.RESULTS:36 chief components from Cnidium monnieri from Anhui and 45 from that from Henan were identified.28 components were noted in both.There was great difference between the two Cnidium monnieri.CONCLUSION:This study serves as a scientific basis for the further exploitation and utilization of Cnidium monnieri.

BACKGROUND: Human β-defensin is mainly located in various tissues epidermis or epithelium, also exists in ocular surface, but its ocular surface and its role of ocular surface diseases remain poorly understood.OBJECTIVE: To observe the distribution of human β-defensins in ocular surface tissue, and to analyze their potential effects on ocular surface disease. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: In vitro controlled observation with regard to ocular surface tissue was performed at the Central Laboratory, Xinhua Hospital, Medical College of Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Cell Biochemistry Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai Branch, between October 2006 and December 2007.MATERIALS: A total of 18 inflammatory conjunctival specimens consisted of 6 pterygium surface bulbar conjunctiva, 4 bulbar conjunctival cysts, 4 acid burn conjunctiva, 2 thermal burn conjunctiva and 2 conjunctival granuloma; 15 inflammatory corneal specimens included 6 viral keratitis, 4 fungal keratitis, 3 bacterial keratitis and 2 eye removal following corneal perforation; 9 cadaver normal bulbar conjunctiva samples, 8 cadaver normal corneal samples. METHODS: RT-PCR method and immunohistochemistry were applied to detect human β-defensin expression in 50 samples. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Distribution and location of human β-defensin proteins in normal and inflammatory ocular surface tissues. RESULTS: RT-PCR showed that human β-defensin 1 and human β-defensin 3 were positive in all of the tested samples, whereas human β-defensin 2 existed in a majority of inflammatory ocular surface tissues and no expression was observed in normal ocular surface tissues. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed most of inflammatory ocular surface tissues expressed human β-defensins 1 and 2, distributing in epithelial cell layer and predominantly in basal lamina, occasionally infiltration of stromal cells was observed, only a small number of human β-defensin 2 expression was absent; normal cornea and conjunctiva samples presented with human β-defensin 1 expression, distributing in epithelial cells and predominantly in basal lamina, only few expressed human β-defensin 2.CONCLUSION: Human β-defensin 1 and 3 appear to be constitutively expressed in surface epithelial cells and basal lamina of normal and inflammatory ocular surface tissues, while human β-defensin 2 may be induced to express in the majority of inflammatory ocular surface tissues. Three human β-defensins expression plays a pivotal role in preventing ocular surface infection and promoting ocular surface injury repair.

BACKGROUND: Intraocular contract lens (ICL) implantation emerges as a crystal refrangibilit operation to rectify and cure high myopia in recent years. Collagen, a new material, is consisted of collagen Ⅳ and aquagel in Starr Company. It is an ideal material for ICL; however, high price is restricted to its development at a certain degree.OBJECTIVE: To find out ideal method of collagen ICL implantation through animal experiment in rabbit eyes and evaluate intraocular biocompatibility by observing inflammatory reaction and variation of inflammatory mediators.DESIGN: Single exponent and opening study.SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Medical College of Shanghai Jiaotong University.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out in Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Medical College of Shanghai Jiaotong University and Shanghai Nanyang Radio-immunity Testing Center from August 1999 to March 2000.Twenty New Zealand rabbits were divided into three groups according to randomly digital table: ICL implantation group (n=8), operative control group (n=6) and blank control group (n=6).METHODS: ① Right eyes of rabbits in ICL implantation group were suffered from ICL implantation and peripheral operation of iris [1]; however,right eyes of rabbits in operative control group were only suffered from peripheral operation of iris. After operation, hormone-antibioltic eyedrops were dribbled into eyes four times a day for total 10 days. At 1, 4 and 7days after operation, 2.5 mg dexasone + 40 000 U cidomycin were subconjunctivally injected into eyes. Rabbits in black control group did not receive any operation. ② At 1, 4, 7, 14 days and 1 month after operation,indexes of operative eyes in ICL implantation group and operative control group were measured including luctuation of intraocular pressure, damage of corneal endothelium, protein leakage in anterior chamber, depth of anterior chamber, hyphema, posterior synechiae of iris, ICL decentration and lens opacity. ③ At 1, 4, 7, 14 days and 1 month, samples of aqueous humor were aspirated from operative eyes of rabbits in ICL implantation group, operative control group and blank control group. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used to examine the concentration of prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2)in aqueous.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Results of reaction in anterior chamber at each time point before and after operation; ② results of PGE2 concentration of inflammatory mediators in aqueous humor after operation.RESULTS: All 20 rabbits were involved in the final analysis. ① Changes of intraocular pressure at each time point before and after operation: As compared with that before operation, intraocular pressure was not changed in ICL implantation group and operative control group at each time point after operation (P ＞ 0.05). ② Damage of corneal endothelium and leakage in anterior chamber after operation: ICL implantation group: Five eyes were shown as shallow anterior chamber at various degrees on the first day after operation, and recovered normally within 1 week; hemorrhage was observed in anterior ch amber of two eyes and absorbed after 2 weeks; two eyes had anterior and posterior synechiae of iris, respectively, and pupil was deformed slightly; ICL decentration at various degrees was observed in two eyes; point-like opacity was observed in anterior bursal membrane of crystal in one eye after 1 month. Operative control group: Leakage of grade 1-2 was observed in 6 eyes on the first day after operation and was absorbed within 1 week. Cornea was clearing, and hyphema, shallow anterior chamber, posterior synechiae of iris and lens opacity were not changed. ③ PGE2 concentration of inflammatory mediators in aqueous humor after operation:PGE2 oncentration was the highest in ICL implantation group at 1-4 days after operation, and then it was decreased gradually; however, PGE2 concentration was similar at 14 days and 1 month after operation (P＞0.05).CONCLUSION: There is no obvious occurrence of chronic uveitis in anterior chamber after ICL implantation. PGE2 concentration in anterior chamber is decreased gradually, and this suggests that a classic foreignbody granulomatous inflammation emerges after ICL implantation, which reflects a good tolerance of ICL for ocular tissue.

BACKGROUND: A new type of materials, Collamer, is polymerized with type V collagen and HEMA by Staar company, which is a good material for the establishment of intraocular contact lens(ICL). There is no similar material in our country.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the biocompatibility of ICL made mainly by collagen-polymer in animals.DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial.SETTING: Testing Center of Shanghai Institute of Biomaterial.MATERIALS: Our study was conducted in the Testing Center of Shanghai Institute of Biomaterial from January 2000 to April 2000. Cell strain: hearty L-929 cells(fibroblast of mouse) after 48-72 hours of passage; Twenty white guinea pig of either gender aged between 1 month and 3 months with a body mass between 300 g and 500 g; Seven healthy adult New Zealand rabbit of either gender(female rabbits were not required pregnant for pyrogenic reaction test) with a body mass between 1.7 kg and 3.0 kg or between 2.5 kg and 3.5 kg(experimental animals were obtained from Shanghai experimental animal center, ordinary grade).INTERVENTIONS: Collagen was used to perform the following biological tests: ① cytotoxicity test (cell growth rate); ② anaphylaxis test; ③ pyrogenic reactions test; ④ subcutaneous implant test. The data were analyzed and evaluated according to criteria.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Growth and proliferation of fibroblast in mice; ② Reactions of erythema and edema of every provocation site and every observatory time after the induction of intradermal injection and local patch test; ③ Increase of body temperature of the rabbit after the injection of the extraction of the material into auricle marginal vein; ④ Reactions around the materials after 4 weeks of collagen implantation in rabbits subcutaneously.RESULTS: ① Cytotoxicity test: relative growth rate of collagen group was 99％ to 106%, and the toxicity grade was level 0 - 1. ② Anaphylaxis test:there was no erythema or edema reaction at every provocation site at each time point of collagen group. The skin reaction to collagen-polymer was level 0. ③ Pyrogenic reactions test: the temperature increased in rabbit was below 0.6 ℃ and the total increase of the temperature was below 1.4 ℃ in rabbits. ④ Subcutaneous implant test: there was very little lymphocyte infiltration around the sample in both collagen group and control group with Level I inflammatory reaction. And the evaluation of the formation of fiber cyst was level I.CONCLUSION: Results of material biological evaluation tests demonstrate that this collagen-polymer has high biocompatibility, and can become an ideal material for ICL.

Objective A comparability analysis was performed between the various parameters of the self-developed dry-type blood cell analyzer with the reference instrument (Sysmex XT-1800i).Methods In line with the evaluation program of blood cells issued by ICSH,the detection results,six parameters as HCT,Hb,GRAN (granulocytes),LM (lymphatic and monocytes),WBC and PLT,were compared between the two instruments.Some indexes of the subject instrument such as precision,comparability,outlier points,bias,etc.were analyzed and compared so as to calculate the equation of linear regression and the expected bias intervals.Results The intra and inter CV of the subject instrument about six parameters were respectively less than 5％ and 6％,so it showed that the instrument had good precision.Correlation analysis showed that the classification results of HCT,Hb,GRAN and WBC had a good correlation (r =0.991,0.972,0.986,0.975,P ＜0.01),while that of LM and PLT were slightly lower (r =0.952,0.942,P ＜0.01) ; As to the medical decision level,HCT values were 14％ and 70％,WBC 0.5 × 109/L and 3 ×109/L,and PLT 10 × 109/L,50 × 109/L and 100 × 109/L,and the acceptable bias of these values all fell in the confidence intervals; the values of the rest items were slightly higher than the high value of the confidence interval of expected bias.Conclusions The subject instrument produces the same results in the test of its parameters as the reference instrument Sysmex XT-1800i and therefore the two instruments are comparable.The subject instrument is particularly suitable for field rapid detection.

OBJECTIVE: to explore the relationship between the maxillary sinus volume and the amount of alveolar bone, and the effect of molar loss upon the maxillary sinus was further analyzed,by measuring adult maxillary sinus volume, sinus ridge distance, and calculating the gasification coefficient of maxillary sinus. METHOD: One hundred and ninety cases (361 maxillary sinus) with CT examinations were collected, they were divided into group A and group B, 121 cases (242 maxillary sinus) of normal subjects served as group A, 42 cases (65 maxillary sinus) with molar part off were B group, in which 31 maxillary sinus with a molar loss were group B1,22 maxillary sinus with two molar loss were B2 group,12 maxillary sinus with three molar loss (one molar remains) were B3 group, 27 cases (54 maxillary sinus) with upper teeth off were C group. Bymeasureing the maxillary sinus volume, sinus ridge distance and the size of the maxillary sinus, calculating the gasification coefficient, we analyzed the relationship between maxillary volume and sinus ridge distance, and comparatively analyzed the differences among the three groups in the size, gasification coefficient, volume of maxillary sinus and sinus ridge distance. RESULT: In the normal group,the volume of maxillary sinus and sinus ridge distance had a correlation coefficient of -0. 63,(P< 0.05); Sinus ridge distance in group A was larger than the other two groups (P<0.05), and larger in B group than in C group (P<0. 05), anteroposterior maxillary sinus diameter and reft-right diameter in C group was greater than in A group and B group(P<0.05), group C gasification coeffiecent was less than A group and B group (P<0. 05). CONCLUSION The volume of maxillary sinus is negatively correlated with the amont of alveolar bone; Upper teeth's shedding promotes maxillary sinus deformation; Maxiuary sinus volume has a tendency to decrease.
Adult ; Humans ; Maxilla ; Maxillary Sinus ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; Molar ; Radiography ; Tooth Loss

Objective To investigate the degradation of dicalcium phosphate dehydrate-coated Mg-Zn alloy in vivo and bone formation. Methods Left femoral condyles were drilled in 72 New Zealand rabbits, and were randomly divided into experiment group (n＝24, implanted with dicalcium phosphate dehydrate-coated Mg-Zn alloy rods), Mg-Zn alloy control group (n＝24, implanted with Mg-Zn alloy rods) and poly-L-lactide acid rod group (n＝24, implanted with poly-L-lactide acid rods). Serum concentrations of Mg~(2+) were examined 1 d pre-operation, and 1 d, 1 week, 2 weeks, 5 weeks and 10 weeks post-operation in experiment group and Mg-Zn alloy control group. Operation sites were examined by X-rays at 3, 6, 12 and 18 weeks post-operation. After X-ray examination at each time point, 6 rabbits in each group were sacrificed, and subjected to histopathological observation of live and kidney tissues by HE staining. Tissues from condyles of femur were observed by HE staining and 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol rosein staining, and mineral apposition rate of bone was calculated. Results There was no significant difference in the concentrations of serum Mg~(2+) at each time point between Mg-Zn alloy control group and experiment group (P>0.05). X-ray examination revealed gas emerged near the implants 3 weeks after surgery in Mg-Zn alloy control group. However, there was no obvious histological abnormality in liver and kidney tissues. The mineral apposition rate was higher and the degradation of material was lower in experiment group than those in the other two groups. Conclusion Dicalcium phosphate dehydrate-coated Mg-Zn alloy has a favourable biocompatibility, and degrades more slowly in vivo.