Objective To observe the morphologic characteristics of the post-traumatic cerebral infarction and discriminate it from brain contusion. Methods From 81 severe brain injury samples 15 were selected which met the criteria of the secondary necrosis and hemorrhage of brain. Another 15 simple brain contusion samples were selected as control. They were cut according to various requirements either coronary or saggittally or horizontally and observed grossly and histologically. Results The post-traumatic cerebral infarctions were found mainly in 5 localities: basal ganglia (3 cases), cingulate gyrus (2 cases), both cuneus of the occipital lobes (2 cases), lateral occipito-temporal gyrus (6 cases, 5 of them complicated with hemorrhage in the midbrain and pons), and occipital gyrus (2 cases). All of the infarctions were located not at the point of coup or contrecoup. They were localized and had clear boundaries. All of the lesions could be traced back to be related to brain hernia. Microscopically, there were extravasation of blood, and necrosis in the infarction, and usually severe congestion and edema with white blood cells infiltration and glia cell reaction. If the lesion was in the cerebrum, it was usually located at the junction of cortex and medulla, in severe cases extended to whole thickness of the cortex and the subarachnoid space, but the pia mater was not ruptured. There were marked ischemic and hypoxia changes in the neurons. The lesions of brain contusion, on the contrary, were always ruptured. The contused brain tissue may be necrotic. Conclusion The Post-traumatic cerebral infarction is synonymous with secondary necrosis and hemorrhage of the brain. The mechanism of the infarction is compression of intra-cerebral blood vessels due to cerebral hernia. It could be differentiated from cerebral contusion by the relation with cerebral hernia, the location of the lesion, the in-tactness of the pia mater, as well as other related histological changes.

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) immunoreactive neurons in dissociated cell culture from newborn rat hypothalamus were investigated on days 1,3,5,and 7 in vitro by means of the im-munocytochemical method. The results showed that GnRH was expressed in the first day of culture. GnRH neurons accounted for 12.1-14. 8% of the total neurons in culture,and they were mainly bipolar in type. There were growth cones on the end of GnRH processes. Various patterns of intercellular contacts between GnRH neurons and between GnRH and other neurons were also observed. These findings indicate that the cultured GnRH neurons exhibit the morphological and functional characteristics of the GnRH neurons in vivo,and serve as morphological evidence for pulsatile secretion of GnRH and its regulation.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between dietary -related behaviors of college students and their health , so as to provide the evidence for the health education for college students .Methods:A question-naire survey was conducted among 2105 college students from Xi′an Jiaotong University with stratified cluster ran-dom sampling .Results:In this survey , college students generally had unhealthy dietary behaviors , cognitive bia-ses of self-images and blind unhealthy weight -losing phenomenon as well .And there was a difference of dieting behaviors between college students of different sex and those of different body mass index .Conclusions:Unhealth-y dietary behaviors of college students were one of the main reasons leading to their abnormal BMI .Hence , it was necessary to improve health ethics education and dietary health guidance for college students , so as to introduce them to consciously assume their own health responsibilities and manage their health .

BACKGROUND: Although bone mineral density can diagnose osteoporosis, it cannot reflect the existing bone metabolism of the subjects; bone turnover markers cannot diagnose osteoporosis, but it can timely reflect the current bone turnover rate of the subjects. OBJECTIVE: To summarize osteoporotic fracture risk predicted by bone turnover markers and bone mineral density, and to theoretically analyze the feasibility of fracture healing after operation. METHODS: With bone turnover, biochemical marker, osteoporosis in English for the search terms, Pubmed database from January 1999 to January 2009 was retrieved; With bone turnover, bone metabolism, biochemical markers, bone mineral density, osteoporosis, fractures in Chinese for the search terms, CNKI database from January 1999 to January 2009 was searched. Literatures were limited to English and Chinese languages. Inclusive criteria: the article closely related to predict fracture risk with bone turnover markers and bone mineral density; Exclusive criteria: duplicated documents. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 631 literatures were screened out by computer, according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 31 documents of which were involved for analysis. Osteoporosis is one of the main causes of elderly disease and death. Early prediction of osteoporotic fracture risk has a great significance. This article describes the bone metabolism, the type of bone biochemical markers, bone mineral density measurement, multi-cell basic unit and the OPG-RANKL-RANK system in bone reconstruction after a long-term fixation; focuses on the use of bone turnover markers and bone mineral density to prognosticate the fracture risk in osteoporosis or after long-term fixation by domestic and foreign academician, and theoretically analyze the feasibility of predicting postoperative fracture healing.

Many clinical bone nonunion or delayed union often appear in the early stage of bone healing,but they have been always found too lately.Before X-ray films of visual changes indicates salt content inbones reaching 25%,the very early changes ofclinical significance can not be observed.This paper introduces the theory of fracture healing and the definition of bone nonunionand the significance of the basic multicellular unit(BMU)and the OPG-RANKL-RANK system in bone reconstruction.Many technologies such as ultrasonic testing,vibration analysis,mechanical impedance analysis,the bone marrow cavity imaging technologiy,high-resolution CT etc.have been reported in study on the bone,as well as early diagnosis of fracture nonunion.However,the molecular level of early diagnosis is deficiency.

BACKGROUND: Previous research reveals that, single-layer human amnion is effective to cure superficial bums, but it is still unsatisfactory.OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of double-layer radiation-treated human amnion on the healing of deep second-degree burn wound.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: Randomized control study was performed at the Animal Experimental Center in the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University (Harbin, Heilongjiang, China) from December 2006 to May 2007.MATERIALS: Fifty adult Wistar rats of clean grade were burned and then assigned into five groups at post-injury 4, 6, 8,10 and 12 days, with ten rats in each group. Subsequent to the chorion removal, the fresh human amniotic membrane was dried and prepared into double-layer films, which were aporate or porous. Human amnion was then radiated using γ-ray for further use.METHODS: Following dorsal skin epilatiou and the anesthesia, all the rats were immersed for 8 seconds in boiling water to induce rat models of deep second-degree burns. One side of the burn wound was applied human amnion, while the other side was applied oil gauze.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Gross observation of the bum wound was carried out at post-injury 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 days. Meanwhile, light microscope, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope were employed to detect the histological changes of the burn wound, as well as bacteriological examination.RESULTS: Fifty rats were all involved in the result analysis. Sphacelism and crust were found in the burn wound treated with oil gauze, with the presence of focal ulcer at post-injury 12 days. Under light microscope, few hairs regenerated in dermis, especially hair follicle and hair root; Scanning electron microscope suggested a large amount of inflammatory exudates and leukocytes; Transmission electron microscope revealed an unclear structure of the cells. Bacteriological examination also indicated that the bacteria aecreted on the surface of burn wound. The treatment of double-layer radiation-treated human amniou healed the burn wound at post-injury 10 and 12 days, and the hairs grew with the same manner as that of normal skin. Epidermis tissues were proved to be normal skin at post-injury 12 days by means of light microscope, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Bacteriology was detected to be negative.CONCLUSION: Double-layer radiation-treated human amnion plays a protective role on the burn wound in rats. It may facilitate epithelial growth, avoid wound infection and accelerate the healing of deep second-degree burn.

92 type 2 diabetics with DPN were treated by cobamamide (n=46) vs vitamin B12 (n=46) for 4 weeks.Cobamamide improved the spontaneous pain, numbness of limbs, nerve reflection and nerve conduction velocities in higher rates as compared with vitamin B12 treatment, and did not cause obvious adverse reactions.

To explore the demarcation between the normal variation and the developemental anomaly of the cardiac conduction system (CCS). Using the method of sampling CCS designed by this research group, CCS of 737 cases died of non cardiac causes of death and 149 cases died of sudden cardiac deaths were sampled, serial sections were made, stained with HE method or Masson trichrome method,and observed under the light microscope.Results:(1)There were morphological variations in size, position and structure of normal human CCS; (2) In 4 cases died of sudden cardiac deaths, developemental anomalies were found in both AVN and HB. The morphological variations observed in our cases include: displacement of the bifurcation of HB into the pars membrancea of the interventricular septum,of the HB toward the left or the left lower sides of the interventricular septum or of less than 1/2 AVN into the central fibrous body , as well as of ordinary cardiomyfibers into the HB or BB. The developmental anomalies observed in our cases include: preservation of fetal type AVN in adults, displacement of whole AVN into the central fibrous body, complete division of HB into more than 3 bundles, and the displacement of the bifurcating portion of HB into the root of tricupid valves.

Objective To investigate the effect of propofol anesthesia on hemodynamic changes and dose requirement of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) during SNP-induced hypotension.Methods Sixteen patients undergoing elective microneurosurgery were randomly assigned to one of two groups: propofol group and isoflurane group. In propofol group (n=8) anesthesia was maintained with propofol (infusion rate 100?g?kg -1?min -1 ) after dural opening, whereas in isoflurane group (n=8) anesthesia was maintained with 1.3 MAC isoflurane.After 20 min the MAP of both groups was reduced by 40% with continuous infusion of 0.01% SNP solution.Results Blood pressure was more easily reduced and maintained in propofol group, and was lower in propofol group than that in isoflurane group following SNP withdrawl (P

Objective To study the pathological changes related to cardiac sudden death. Methods The CCS from 179 cases with cardiac sudden death were examined histopathologically. Result There were 8 cases with hemorrhage, inflammation, or tumor infiltration in the cardiac nervous tissue or cardiac ganglion. Pathological changes such as edema, degeneration or necrosis could be found in the nervous tissue. However, no lethal pathological changes were observed out of cardiac nervous tissue. Conclusion Either primary or sencondary pathological changes in the cardiac nervous tissue might cause sudden death.