Copper plays an important role in maintaining the normal metabolic function of cells and participates in a variety of physiological processes in cells， including cell respiration， neuropeptide processing， and iron transport， and therefore， it is of great significance to maintain copper homeostasis. In the central nervous system， copper homeostasis is involved in the regulation of synaptic function and the formation of myelin sheath， and copper homeostasis disorder is closely associated with the development of various neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have shown that copper homeostasis disorder caused by the mutation of ATPase copper transporting α may lead to the development and progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis （ALS）. This article reviews the research advances in copper homeostasis disorder in the pathogenesis of ALS and points out that maintaining copper homeostasis may provide a new target for the treatment of ALS.

Type 2 diabetes is a high-profile global public health problem, particularly in Asia. The young age of onset, low body mass index, and early appearance of pancreatic islet dysfunction are characteristics of Asian patients with T2DM. Metabolic surgery has become the standard treatment for T2DM patients and can significantly improve T2DM through a variety of mechanisms including modulation of energy homeostasis and reduction of body fat mass. Indeed, restoration of islet function also plays an integral role in the remission of T2DM. After metabolic surgery, islet function in Asian T2DM patients has improved significantly, with proven short-term and long-term effects. In addition, islet function is an important criterion and reference for patient selection prior to metabolic surgery. The mechanism of islet function improvement after metabolic surgery is not clear, but postoperative anatomical changes in the gastrointestinal tract leading to a number of hormonal changes seem to be the potential cause, including glucagon-like peptide-1, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, peptide YY, ghrelin, and cholecystokinin. The authors analyzed the current retrospective and prospective studies on the effect of metabolic surgery on the islet function of Asian T2DM patients with a low BMI and its mechanism, summarized the clinical evidence that metabolic surgery improved islet function in Asian T2DM patients with a low BMI, and discussed its underlying mechanism. It is of great significance for realizing personalized and precise treatment of metabolic surgery and further improving its clinical benefits.
Bariatric Surgery ; Body Mass Index ; Cholecystokinin/therapeutic use* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/surgery* ; Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide/therapeutic use* ; Ghrelin/therapeutic use* ; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/therapeutic use* ; Humans ; Peptide YY/therapeutic use* ; Prospective Studies ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome