length of the spine.

With statistics and anatomic description, the extensor and flexor thigh muscles in francois leaf monkey were studied. Using stepwise regression, the origins and insertions' of the muscles, showing significant correlationship with the femur (E), are only the distance from the most anterior point of origin of the m. sartorius to the acetabular fossa (A) (r=0.68, t=3.33, P

Objective To investigate the therapeutical effects of somatostatin in nonoperative treatment of different kinds of intestinal obstruction.Methods 338 cases of intestinal obstruction accepted by our hospital were retrospectively analyzed,which were divided into adhesive intestinal obstruction,inflammatory intestinal obstruction and malignant tumor intestinal obstruction.With nonoperative treatment,the control group were treated with routine therapy,including fasting,gastrointestinal decompression,intestinal lavage,intravenous replacement of fluid and electrolytes,disturbance of acid-base balance and the application of antibiotics.As for the treatment group,they were pumped with 6mg of somatostatin and 120mL physiological saline as well as routine therapy for 24 hours.The effects of the two groups were compared.Results The remission rate of abdominal distension and abdominal pains was 80.2％ in the treatment group and 62.3％ in the control group,the difference was statistical significance (x2 =250.446,P ＜ 0.05).The remission rate of nausea and vomiting was 84.1％ in the treatment group and 87.7％ in the control group.The passage of gas and defecation by anus was 64.7 ％ in the treatment group and 61.6％ in the control group,there was no clear difference between the two groups (x2 =0.902,0.349,all P ＞ 0.05).The gastrointestinal decompression amounts reduced clearly,the treatment group was (328 ±229) mL/d and (694 ± 381) mL/d in the control group,there was significant difference (t =2.883,P ＜ 0.05).After nonoperative conservative treatment,the effects between the two groups were as follows:the effective percentage was 95.7％ in the treatment group and 94.0％ in the control group,there was no significant difference(x2 =0.007,P ＞ 0.05).Except intestinal obstruction patients with external tumors,the rates of transferring to operation was 2.4 ％ in the treatment group and 2.8 ％ in the control group,there was no statistical significance(x2 =0.051,P ＞ 0.05).And except patients of intestinal obstruction with external tumors and transferring to operation,the hospital stay was (10.6 ±4.9) d in the treatment group and (15.3 ± 4.1) d in the control group,the difference was significant (t =2.528,P ＜ 0.05).As for the treatment group with somatostatin,there was no significant difference(x2 =0.008,0.230,t =0.117,all P ＞ 0.05) in abdominal distension and abdominal pains of adhesive and inflammatory intestinal obstruction,promoting the passage of gas and defecation by anus,the improvement of gastrointestinal decompression amounts in 24 hours.The improvement of tumor intestinal obstruction was worse.Conclusion Somatostatin treatment can help to ease the symptoms and physical signs of different kinds of intestinal obstruction rapidly and cut down hospital stay clearly,but can not reduce the rates of transferring to operation.If the time of treatment is ignored,it can not improve the therapeutical effective percentage of intestinal obstruction obviously.There is no significant difference for the application of adhesive and inflammatory intestinal obstruction.However,it can not completely and well improve the symptoms of tumor intestinal obstruction and the symptoms can recrudesce easily.

M. mulatta, M. thibetana and M. assamensis have a part of sympatry in distribution areas and closed relationships in phylogeny, but there also exist certain differences among them in the morphology and function of skeleton. In recent years, on their locomotion and adaptive behaviors, the different viewpoints were suggested by many authors. The comparison of distal articular surface of humerus in these species were carried out in this paper. The major results based on 24 humerus including 48 sides are as follows:1. The results of the discriminant analysis suggest that the features and structures of humeral distal articulation of M. thibetana is similar to that of M. assamensis than that of M. mulatta.2. The relative width of articulation (AFT), olecranon fossa (OFW) and internal epicondyle (MEW), and the relative length of trochlea (THL) play more important rule to distinguish the three species of macaques. The. first discriminate function is: F1=13.64MEW-15.57ATF+23.500FW+14.09THL-9.63.3. The characters on distal articulation of humerus of the three species of monkeys differ evidently from the apes.4. The results of principal component analysis show that the locomotion of M. mulatta is similar to Presbytes obscurus, Hylobates and M. nemestrina, and it seems that they are more adaptive to arboreal movement than that in M. thibetana and M. assamensis based on the osteological features and functional morphology of the distal articular surface of humerus.

This paper presents the results of the gross dissection and the histologic observation on the thyroid and parathyroid glands of Rhinopithecus. Specimens used in the studies are composed of R. roxellanae (1 (?), subad.), R. bieti (2 ♀♀, ad.; 1 ♀,juv.) and R. brelichi(2(?)(?),ad.). Besides the position and shape of the gross anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, attention was paid to the cellular types of the parathyroid glands. Material used for the histologic investigation is stained with HE and the modified Mallory-Azan methods and observed under the light microscopy. The principal results are summarized as follows:1. The thyroid gland consists of two lateral obes. The dimension of the gland measured 18.0?9.0, 15.0?8.0 and 14.0?6.0 mm. in bieti;23.0?9.0 mm. in roxellanae; 25.0?9.0 and 30.0?1.0 mm in brelichi; and one isthmus measures 3.0?10.0, 2.0?10.0 and 2.0?6.0 mm. in bieti; 4.0?6.0 mm. in roxellanae; 5.0?12.0 and 5.0?14.0 mm. in brelichi.The total weight of the gland is 1.0, 0.5 and 0.3g in bieti; 0.9g in roxellanae; 0.9 and 1.8g in brelichi.The isthmus connects the lower edges of two lateral lobes. There is no pyramidal lobe.2. The blood supply is derived from the superior thyroid arteries. There are no inferior thyroid arteries in three kinds. The thyroid venous drainage is by the superior and inferior thyroid veins, there is no median thyroid vein.3. The sizes and shapes of the thyroid vary with species. Each animal possesses two parathyroid glands, one of each side, but their position is also variable in the different animals.4. The follicular epithelium of the thyroid contains two cellular types, viz. the typical follicular epithelial cells and C cells.5. The parathyroid gland of Rhinopithecus is histologically similar to that of Macaca mulatta and man, which contains four basic cellular elements. There is an intermediary cellular type probably a variant of the oxyphil cells.6. Grey blue granules are present in the pale oxyphil cells of the parathyroid glands of both brelichi and bieti.7. There are less oxyphil cells among the parenchymal cells of the parathyroid gland in the subadult roxellanae than in both bieti and brelichi.

The back-propagating action potential (bpAP) is crucial for neuronal signal integration and synaptic plasticity in dendritic trees. Its properties (velocity and amplitude) can be affected by dendritic morphology. Due to limited spatial resolution, it has been difficult to explore the specific propagation process of bpAPs along dendrites and examine the influence of dendritic morphology, such as the dendrite diameter and branching pattern, using patch-clamp recording. By taking advantage of Optopatch, an all-optical electrophysiological method, we made detailed recordings of the real-time propagation of bpAPs in dendritic trees. We found that the velocity of bpAPs was not uniform in a single dendrite, and the bpAP velocity differed among distinct dendrites of the same neuron. The velocity of a bpAP was positively correlated with the diameter of the dendrite on which it propagated. In addition, when bpAPs passed through a dendritic branch point, their velocity decreased significantly. Similar to velocity, the amplitude of bpAPs was also positively correlated with dendritic diameter, and the attenuation patterns of bpAPs differed among different dendrites. Simulation results from neuron models with different dendritic morphology corresponded well with the experimental results. These findings indicate that the dendritic diameter and branching pattern significantly influence the properties of bpAPs. The diversity among the bpAPs recorded in different neurons was mainly due to differences in dendritic morphology. These results may inspire the construction of neuronal models to predict the propagation of bpAPs in dendrites with enormous variation in morphology, to further illuminate the role of bpAPs in neuronal communication.
Action Potentials/physiology* ; Dendrites/physiology* ; Neurons/physiology* ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Pyramidal Cells/physiology*