AIM To develope a reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography method to determine free concentrations of morphine (M) in the solution of human haemoglobin (Hb). To study the binding of M to haemoglobin, and evaluate the binding parameters of M to Hb. METHODS An ultrafiltration technique was used to recover morphine from the samples. Morphine was analyzed using a kromasil column (150 mm?4 6 mm) and a mobile phase of 0 1% tyiethylamine methanol (75∶25,v/v). The mobile phase pH was adjusted to 7 0 by phosphoric acid. The detection was set at 283 nm. RESULTS The ultrafiltration recovery of morphine was 98 5%. The Hb binding of M was concentration dependent of Hb and M. There were single typed binding sites for M to human Hb. The parameters determined were 4 1 for N and 340 mol?L -1 for K when the concentration of M and Hb were added from 8 50?10 -5 ～1 17?10 -2 mol?L -1 and 1 29?10 -4 ～8 57?10 -4 mol?L -1 respectively. CONCLUSION An ultrafiltration technique has proved to be simple and rapid for free drug determination. It is suitable for drug protein binding study.

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Chinese adults.

METHODSA total of 4847 Chinese adults were enrolled in this prospective study. All participants underwent physical examination at one of three hospitals in Nanjing during 2008. According to results from B ultrasound, the participants were grouped according to NAFLD diagnosis, with 1468 in the NAFLD group and 3379 in the control group.Participants were followed up until diagnosis of T2DM or for 4 years. The cumulative incidence rates of T2DM were calculated for and compared between the NAFLD group and the control group. The relationship between NAFLD and risk of T2DM was examined by Cox proportional hazards modeling.

RESULTSDuring the 4-year follow-up,387 (8.0%) of the patients were diagnosed with T2DM. The cumulative incidence rates of T2DM in the NAFLD group and the control group were 17.2% and 4.0%, respectively. After adjusting for age,sex,body mass index,blood pressure,triglyceride level and alanine aminotransferase level, NAFLD was found to be closely related to the incidence of T2DM (relative risk:3.465,95% confidence interval:2.755-4.358).

CONCLUSIONNAFLD is associated with elevated risk of T2DM in adult patients in Nanjing,China. The general population of this region may benefit from focused public health intervention and treatment strategies targeting to prevent development of T2DM in conjunction with NAFLD.

Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; China ; epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ; epidemiology ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors

Objective: To explore the association of the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level at admission with 90 days functional outcome in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Methods: Patients admitted to the Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital from January to December 2017 were prospectively and continuously enrolled in this study. Clinical data were collected at admission and functional outcomes 90 days after ICH were assessed by using the modified RANKIN scale. Univariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression models were constructed. Patients were divided into four groups according to the quartile of HbA1c values. The median value of HbA1c in each group was taken as the substitute value and P for trend was calculated. The logistic regression model was fitted by restricted cubic splines to investigate the association between HbA1c level and outcome of ICH. Results: A total of 345 patients with ICH were enrolled, including 214 with favorable outcomes and 131 with poor outcomes (99 severe disability cases and 32 deaths). The risk of poor 90 days outcomes was significantly associated with HbA1c level at admission indicated by multivariate logistic regression analysis, and the P for trend test was <0.001 (middle-level group vs. low-level group: OR=2.33, 95%CI: 1.07-5.07; high-level group vs. low-level group: OR=2.52, 95%CI: 1.12-5.64; extremely high-level group vs. low-level group: OR=6.80, 95%CI: 3.01-15.34). Results from the restricted cubic spline showed that there was a linear correlation between HbA1c level at admission and poor 90 days outcomes of ICH (χ²=14.81, P<0.001; non- linear test: P=0.118). Compared with patients with HbA1c level of 6.5%, the risk of poor outcomes in patients with HbA1c level of <6.5% decreased linearly with the decrease in HbA1c level at admission, and the risk in patients with HbA1c level >6.5% was higher but not significantly. Conclusion There was correlation between high HbA1c level at admission and 90 days poor outcome of ICH. High HbA1c level is an independent prediction indicator for ICH.