Objective To know the current state of environment pollution in the surrounding of the smelteries of gold and silver with indigenous method and provide a reference for the environment pollution control. Methods The occupational and environmental hygiene investigation were conducted during Apr.-Jul.,2000,the level of arsenic in the samples collected from the surrounding of the smelteries was determined. Results Primitive gold-silver smelting had such problems as backward production processes,the irrational distribution of enterprises,no treatment of “the three wastes” and serious harm to the ecological environment. The concentrations of both arsenic and lead in the environmental medium were heavily over the standard limits and some patients with chronic arsenic poisoning were found among the local residents. Conclusion Primitive gold-silver smelting may produce serious environmental pollution which can induce the health impacts of the local people.

Benefit from the completion of human genome project and the rapid development of bioinformatics,the clinical molecular diagnostics continues to expand its scope of application which involves more widely use in infectious diseases,genetic diseases and tumors and other aspects.In the clinical molecular diagnostics,the application of international standard materials could effectively guarantee the quality of laboratory tests.This paper reviews the research progress in well-established international standard materials used for molecular diagnosis.

Personalized medicine has revolutionized patients ′care, and results in a personalized drug choice and dosage, through integration of pharmacology , drug information and individual ′s genetics information.The genetic testing for genes involved in drug metabolisms and targets become more and more important.However, the variety of the tests as well as the complexity of the technology brought great challenges in laboratory managements and quality assurance for individual clinical laboratory .This article briefly described the development status of pharmacogenomics and focused mainly on the routine quality assurance principle for four different techniques adopted by related genetic testing , and then presented recent research progression of related reference materials in genetic testing .Finally, the author prospects briefly the future development aspect of the quality control system .

Objective To evaluate urinary nuclear matrix protein(NMP 22) as an adjuvant diagnostic marker for transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. Methods 24 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract and 20 patients with benign urinary diseass were evaluated with urinary NMP 22(cutoff level 10U/ml) and voided urinary cytology.NMP 22 was determined using a commercial test kit. Results The sensitivity and specificity of NMP 22 were 87.5% and 85.0% respectively whereas these of cytology were 58.3% and 95.0%. Conclusions Urinary NMP 22 might be an useful adjuvant diagnostic marker for transitional carcinoma of the upper urinary tract.

Objective To investigate the relationship between anti-HCV antibody level and hepatitis C virus genotype in the patients.Methods Total of 603 anti-HCV positive serum samples were collected during 2013 to 2014 by retrospective research method.HCV RNA were detected in anti-HCV positive samples by repeat test and the genotype were detected in HCV RNA positive samples.The distribution of anti-HCV level in different hepatitis C genotype patients was analyzed and the body's response to viral antibodies and viral genotype correlation with anti-HCV concentration interquartile range was explored.Rates among genotype groups were compared using chi-square test.Results Totally 412 of 603 (68.33％) samples were anti-HCV positive by double reagent screening.174(42.3％) samples were detected as HCV RNA positive.The distributions of different anti-HCV level in different genotype patients were 1a(n =8) 1/8,1/8,4/8,2/8;1b(n =112)25.9％ (29/112),17.0％ (19/112),25.9％ (29/112),31.3％ (35/112);2a(n =14)3/14,4/14,5/14,2/14;3a(n =11)3/11,6/11,2/11,0/11;3b(n =16)4/16,11/16,1/16,0/16;6a(n =8)2/8,2/8,1/8,3/8 with anti-HCV concentration interquartile range respectively.The anti-HCV concentration distribution was different in patients with different HCV genotypes.The anti-HCV concentration distribution in patients of 1 b,2a and 6a genotypes were evently,while anti-HCV level was relatively high in 1a (13.65) and relatively low in 3b (8.77).There were differences in different genotypes of antibody concentrations (x2 =35.2,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions There was correlation between anti-HCV level and HCV genotype.Because there were fewer cases in some genotypes,it was necessary to investigate more samples to corfirm the above results.

Objective To design phacoemulsification handpiece with small size and high amplitude amplification coefficient.Methods By introducing the electro-mechanical vibration characteristics of piezoelectric transducer and ultrasonic horn,and adopting the equivalent circuit method and analytical method,respectively,the size of the ultrasonic horn,quarter wavelength piezoelectric transducer and ultrasonic horn were designed.Then,modal and harmonic analysis in finite element analysis software ANSYS11.0 were used to simulate the handpiece,and to optimize the size of the handpiece after adding on needle.Results The results indicated that the longitudinal vibration frequency and amplification coefficient were very close to theoretical design.The errors were 1.4％ and 5.8％,respectively.When piezoelectric ceramics were loaded with 300 V sinusoidal voltage,the displacement amplitude at the end of the needle reached 125.5 μm,which could meet the phacoemulsification surgery needs.Conclusion This design greatly reduced the size of the handpiece,and obtained high amplitude amplification coefficient.The simulation results sufficiently validated the theoretical design.

ObjectiveTo compare the calculation precision of the collapsed cone convolution (CCC) algorithm and pencil beam convolution (PBC) algorithm in TPS in heterogeneous tissue.Methods We made two virtual lung phantoms,one is single field phantom,In this case the photon beam incident into the phantom,the other is the two fields phantom and a cubic'tumor' was placed in the centre of the phantom.two opposite photon beams incident into the phantom.We calculated the dose of the'tumor' and the lung with the CCC and PBC algorithm.We compared the results in both case with if obtained from Monte Carlo (MC) method.ResultsIn the single field phantom,the photon beam incident from the high-density tissue to the low-density lung equivalent tissue,compared with the result of MC algorithm PBC algorithm overestimated the lung equivalent tissue dose (t =3.90,P =0.012) and the result of CCC algorithm is close to it ( t =2.25,P =0.087 ).In the two fields phantom,tumor boundary dose calculated by CCC algorithm and the MC algorithm are lower than that of the PBC algorithm (t =2.43,3.18,P =0.038,0.011 ),and the difference increase when the field size decrease, the beam energy increase and the density of the inhomogeneity decrease.ConclusionsWe had better use the CCC algorithm when calculating the dose of the tumor surrounded by low-density tissue or the tumor behind the low-density tissue,such as the lung cancer,esophageal cancer etc.

Objective To calculate the effects of thermoplastic mask on X-ray surface dose.Methods The BEAMnrc Monte Carlo Code system, designed especially for computer simulation of radioactive sources, was performed to evaluate the effects of thermoplastic mask on X-ray surface dose.Thermoplastic mask came from our center with a material density of 1.12 g/cm2. The masks without holes,with holes size of 0. 1 cm× 0. 1 cm, and with holes size of 0. 1 cm × 0. 2 cm, and masks with different depth (0.12 cm and 0.24 cm) were evaluated separately. For those with holes, the material width between adjacent holes was 0. 1 cm. Virtual masks with a material density of 1.38 g/cm3 without holes with two different depths were also evaluated. Results Thermoplastic mask affected X-rays surface dose. When using a thermoplastic mask with the depth of 0. 24 cm without holes, the surface dose was 74. 9% and 57.0% for those with the density of 1.38 g/cm3 and 1.12 g/cm3 respectively. When focusing on the masks with the density of 1.12 g/cm3, the surface dose was 41.2% for those with 0.12 cm depth without holes;57.0% for those with 0. 24 cm depth without holes;44. 5% for those with 0. 24 cm depth with holes size of 0.1 cm ×0.2 cm;and 54.1% for those with 0.24 cm depths with holes size of 0.1 cm ×0.1 cm.Conclusions Using thermoplastic mask during the radiation increases patient surface dose. The severity is relative to the hole size and the depth of thermoplastic mask. The surface dose change should be considered in radiation planning to avoid severe skin reaction.

Gene detection related to tumor targeted therapy, pharmacogenomics, birth defects area is now widely used in clinical laboratories with the introduction of"precision medicine"concept.As next-generation-sequencing and digital PCR technology get to clinical application quickly, clinical medical decision is highly dependent on molecular diagnosis test results, therefore, the requirements for tests accuracy is unprecedented.However,the continuous development and fast expansion of molecular diagnosis technology brings outstanding quality problems.Its quality management also faces new challenges, which deserve the attention of medical laboratories and regulation bureaus.

Objective To study the indication of pelvic autonomic nerve preservation(PANP)for patients undergoing rectal carcinoma resection and evaluate the operative procedure and post-operative urine function.Methods Materials of 18 cases of middle and lower rectum carcinoma,receiving PANP radical resection from Jan. 2000 to Nov. 2002 were reviewed. The perioperative urodynamic index and postoperative long-term sexual function were analyzed.Result Pelvic autonomic nerve was preserved in all 18 patients and they have normal urine function and satisfactory long-term sexual function.Conclusion Male patients aged younger than 60 yrs., with rectal carcinoma of Ducks A to C are suitable for receiving PANP radical resection for better maintenance of the urinal and sexual function.