In order to protect the trial subjects' rights and benefits in drug clinical trials,we must pay special attention to the risk and benefit of the trial subjects(striving to minimize the risk and maximize the benefit),ensure the trial subjects' complete realization of the clinical trials and the successive informed consent,pay special attention to the protection of the specific trial subjects,and avoid the conflict of interests.

Toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy can result in abortion,premature delivery,fetal death,deformity,and impact the physical and intellectual development of the newborns.This is an investigation on the consequences of pregnancy in Toxoplasma gondii-infected women,the development of their babies,and the effect of pyrimethamine treatment during 1990-1996 in Baoding City.

Objective To investigate the significance and safety of repeat transurethral resection(Re‐TUR) for treating stage T1 of non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer .Methods The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed on 41 cases of stage T1 of non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer in this department of our hospital from January 2013 to November 2014 .All cases underwent Re‐TUR at 4-6 weeks after primary surgery .Among them ,33 cases were male and 8 cases were female ,24 cases were single tumor and 17 cases were multiple tumors at first operation .The maximal tumor diameter was ≥ 3 cm in 13 cases and <3 cm in 28 cases . The first treatment was transurethral resection of bladder tumor(TURB‐t) .The pathological report was the stage T1 of urothelium cancer .Results All 41 cases were completed the operation smoothly ,and no serious complication occurred .In the postoperative pathological examination ,7 cases(17 .07% ) had tumor residue or tumor recurrence ,among them ,3 case had residue f tumor base and 4 cases were new onset tumor;the pathological grade at Re‐TUR in 1 case was increased from G2 to G3 .The follow up lasted for 3―27 months(average 13 .2 months) ,9 cases relapsed ,3 cases (42 .86% ,3/7) were positive at Re‐TUR and 6 cases(17 .65% , 6/34) were negative at Re‐TUR .Conclusion Re‐TUR for treating stage T1 of non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer is safe and feasi‐ble ,its significance to pick out high‐risk patient for conducting further active treatment ,which may have certain effect for reducing the recurrence rate of non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer .

Objective To know about recent experience of the quality control of blood clotting,to analyze the reasons for its out-of-control,and then to explore the influencing factors of coagulation tests.Methods According to the testing standards of coagula-tion quality control products of Clinical Laboratory Center,Ministry of Health,each batch of products were taken standardized tests.The external quality control results of blood clotting from 2009 to 2013 were analyzed and counted up combined with the in-ternal quality control and daily work performance.Results The overall performance of external quality control was good (from 2009 to 2013).The total scores in 2009 were 90%,95%,were 100% and 100% in 2010,were 95% and 95% in 2011,were 100%and 85% in 2012,and were 100% and 100% in 2013.Conclusion Laboratory internal quality control should be guaranteed.The quality control of pre-analysis,post and analysis and analysis-in-course can improve clinical coagulation testing quality.

A method based on stable isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ( GC-MS ) was established to determine five kinds of organophosphate esters ( OPEs ) in different kinds of cosmetics. For cream and wax-based cosmetics, samples were extracted by appropriate solvent, and then purified by ENVI-Carb solid phase extracting column. For powder and aqueous samples, GC-MS test could be operated directly after solvent extraction and concentration. All of the samples were separated by DB-5MS (30 m×0. 25 mm× 0. 25 μm) chromatographic column, and detected by selected ion monitoring ( SIM ) mode. The target analytes were qualitatively confirmed by retention time and abundance ratio of characteristic ions, and quantified by stable isotope diluted internal standard method. Under the optimized conditions, the linear coefficients of the OPEs were larger than 0. 9995, the detection limits were 1. 0-30 μg/kg, the average recoveries ( n=6 ) ranged from 89 . 5% to 105%, and the RSDs were in the range of 2 . 9%-9 . 1%. The developed method, which was characteristic by satisfactory purification effect, favorable matrix effect elimination capacity, as well as high recovery, was suitable for the determination of OPEs in different kinds of cosmetic matrices.

A method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 17 characteristic ingredients of plant extracts, including paeoniflorin, hydroxysafflor yellow A, calycosin_7_glucoside ferulic acid, etc. , in hair growth cosmetics using ultra high performance liquid chromatography ( UPLC ) . Different cosmetic samples were extracted by ultrasonic_assisted extraction with the solvent of methanol/water (4∶1, V/V) solution. After demulsified by the addition of appropriate amount of NaCl and high speed centrifugation, the supernatant was transferred and analyzed with UPLC. The separation was conducted on a Waters reversed phase column of ACQUITY UPLC CSH C18(50 mm×2. 1 mm, 1. 7μm), and the mobile phases were methanol and the solution of 0. 05% phosphate in water. The detection was performed with a photodiode_array ( PDA) detector. The linear range was 0 . 2-25 mg/L with correlation coefficients higher than 0 . 999 . The limits of detection were within 0. 3-1. 5 mg/kg, and the limits of quantification were from 1. 0 to 4. 0 mg/kg. The average recoveries of 17 characteristic ingredients were within 93 . 5%-105 . 0%, with the intra_and inter_day precision ( n=6 ) less than 4. 6%. This method was simple, rapid, with good_repeatability, and had been applied to the analysis of real samples.

Objective To compare the effect of transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) and TURP combine with transure-thral incision of the bladder neck(TUIBN) in the treatment of small size prostate hyperplasia .Methods From March 2002 to Octo-ber 2010 ,124 cases of small-size prostate hyperplasia patients were treated .All patients were randomized to undergo TURP or TURP with TUIBN .There were 62 patients in TURP group .Of which ,54 cases were followed up .There were 62 patients in TURP plus TUIBN group .Of which ,50 cases were followed up .The treatment effect of the two different surgical methods was evaluated by comparing international prostate symptom (IPSS) ,maximum flow rate(Qmax) and post voiding residual urine volume(PVR) et al .Results No statistical difference (P>0 .05)was found in age ,medical histories ,prostatic weight ,IPSS ,Qmax ,PVR between the two groups before operation .But significant difference(P<0 .01)was observed in IPSS ,Qmax ,PVR between the two groups after operation .There was no statistical difference(P>0 .05) in resected tissue weight and follow up between the two groups .The inci-dence rate of bladder neck contracture was 4% in TURP plus TUIBN group ,and it was significantly lower than that of TURP group(11% )(P< 0 .01) .Conclusion TURP plus TUIBN was better for the treatment of small size prostatic hyperplasia than TURP .

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the application of low molecular weight heparin combined with alteplase for thrombolysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI),and to compare its thrombolysis effect with traditional anticoagulant-general heparin. Methods 35 AMI patients with alteplase intravenous thrombolytic therapy were divided into two groups,among which 15 cases in the study group were treated with 30 mg enoxaparin instant intravenous injection before thrombolysis,40 mg enoxaparin hypodermic injection 15 minutes after thrombolysis,40 mg enoxaparin hypodermic injection every 12 hours for 5 days. The other 20 cases were assigned to the control group and treated with 4 000 u(or 60 u/kg)general heparin instant intravenous injection,then pumped general heparin intravenously in the rate of 800-1 000 u/h. Meanwhile,detected coagulation convention every 3 hours and adjusted the dose of heparin according to the activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT)to keep APTT value within 1.5 to 2.0 times(50-70 s)the standard value. 48 hours later,patients in the control group was given hypodermic injection of 40 mg enoxaparin every 12 hours for 5 days. All cases were given regular treatment as guidelines recommended. Results The patency rate of infarct-related coronary artery assessed by unified clinical criteria was 86.66% and 65.00%,and the average recanalization time was(1.62±0.36)h and(1.81±0.33)h in the study and control groups,respectively. There were no significant differences on patency rate and recanalization time between the two groups(P > 0.05). One case of bleeding complication occurred in the study group(6.66%),while five cases occurred in the control group(25.00%). In the two groups,no cases appeared intracranial hemorrhage and other serious or fatal bleeding occurred. Conclusion The clinical efficacy of low molecular weight heparin was non-inferior to general heparin in AMI patients with alteplas thrombolysis. The application of low molecular weight heparin was simple and easy to operate. It can optimize the procedure of thrombolysis,reduce repetitive coagulation index monitoring and lessen clinical workload,which is worth being promoted to primary hospital and the emergency systems.

Objective:To evaluate the safety and efficacy of trimodality treatment (TMT) which is complete transurethral resection of bladder tumor with concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy for invasive bladder cancer.Methods:From Mar. 2016 to Oct.2021, patients who were indicated of radical cystectomy (RC) but refused were enrolled to TMT treatment prospectively. Inclusive criteria were: ① the patients refused radical surgery; ② male or female, no older than 80 years; ③ no matter the tumor size, the bladder tumor be completely resected by transurethral surgery, and the hydronephrosis be improved after resecting the tumor; ④ the postoperative pathology of urothelial carcinoma; ⑤ recurrent T 1 and high-grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) or T 2-4a muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC); ⑥ no definitive metastasis in preoperative chest, abdominal CT or MRI; ⑦ hemoglobin ≥100 g/L, white blood cell count ≥4×10 9/L, platelet count ≥100×10 9/L, and normal liver and renal function. The exclusion criteria were: ① tumor invading bladder neck or anterior or posterior urethra; ② bladder contracture or severe urethral stricture; ③ regional lymph node metastasis or distant metastasis by imaging examination; ④ no improvement of hydronephrosis after resection; ⑤ definitive contraindications of radiotherapy or chemotherapy; ⑥ uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease or other severe diseases. After cTURBT, paclitaxel (50 mg/m 2 on Day 1 of each week) combined with cisplatin(20 mg/m 2 on day 1-2 of each week)was administered with concurrent radiotherapy (2 Gy/fraction/day) for 4 weeks. If cystoscopy and/or radiographic detected no recurrence or metastasis, the patients were treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy for 2 and a half weeks (total dose of 64 Gy). The side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy during TMT were observed, the quality of life(QOL)was evaluated by FACT-P scale, and the bladder recurrence, distant metastasis and survival were assessed with imaging and cystoscopy. From March 2016 to October 2021, 79 patients with RC were enrolled, including 67 males and 12 females, aged 44-86 years. The pathology of RC was urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. There was no definitive lymph node or distant metastasis in preoperative imaging. The progress and survival after TMT and RC treatment were followed up and the survival rates were calculated by Kaplan-Meier method. Results:Of the 30 patients who underwent TMT, including 25 males and 5 females, aged 32-76 years, there were 7 cases of cT 1 (23.3%), 19 cases (63.3%) of cT 2, 2 cases of cT 3 (6.7%)and 2 cases of cT 4(6.7%), respectively. A total of 132 adverse events of all grades of chemoradiotherapy occurred, of which only 4 were grade Ⅳ, with no bowel leakage or death due to complications. The mean scores of negative questions in FACT-P were 3.22±0.67, 1.30±0.63 and 0.87±0.69 before TMT treatment, 6 and 12 months after TMT treatment, respectively. The quality of life was significantly improved( F=129.081, P<0.001), and the rate of bladder preservation was 86.7%(26/30). Two cases underwent salvage RC(6.7%)and 2 cases died of bladder recurrence(6.7%). There were 8, 4 and 2 patients survived 4, 5 and 6 years, respectively. Seven cases (23.3%) had bladder recurrence, 3 cases (10.0%) underwent distant metastasis and 6 patients (20.0%)died after TMT because of the progression. The 1, 2 and 5 year overall survival rates by TMT treatment were 88.89%, 82.96% and 62.77%, respectively. Median follow-up was 19.5(6.8-44.5) months in the TMT group and 35.5(18.8-53.3) months in the RC group ( z=-1.998, P=0.046). Progression-free survival in the TMT and RC group were 66.7% and 80.0%( χ2=1.047, P=0.306), and the overall survival rates were 80.0% and 80.0% ( χ2=0.482, P=0.488) respectively. The difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions:The TMT is a safe and effective alternative for RC, which can improve the quality of life and control the tumor sufficiently.

From August 1^st to 7^th, 2017, the breastfeeding knowledge of medical staff were collected from 52 medical health institutions in 29 provinces through a network system. A total of 35 243 questionnaires were included in the study to analyze the current status of breastfeeding knowledge and related factors. The qualified rate of breastfeeding knowledge questionnaires for medical staff in this study was 75.3% (26 546/35 243). Compared with those in the eastern region and those who were mothers, the qualified rate of breastfeeding knowledge of medical staff in the central region or the western region and medical staff who were fathers or expectant parents was lower, with OR (95%CI) values about 0.71 (0.67-0.75), 0.66 (0.61-0.72), 0.63 (0.55-0.72) and 0.87 (0.80-0.95), respectively. Compared with those attaining high school education or below and those with children aged<1 month, the qualified rate of breastfeeding knowledge was higher in medical staff with bachelor′s degree, graduate degree or above, and with children aged 1-5, 6-23 and ≥24 months, with OR (95%CI) values about 1.92 (1.80-2.05), 2.16 (1.94-2.42), 2.28 (1.93-2.70), 2.41 (2.06-2.83) and 1.99 (1.72-2.32), respectively.