Study of new or previously known drugs for new applications in the treatments of eye diseases hasbeen one of the ma ior subjects in the ophthalmic field.However,we had found several caveats in the recently publishedpapers on experimental ophthalmic drug studies,such as new-drug trials lack of systemic designing,experimentalstudies without following the standard guidelines,in-vivo animal tests bypassed the necessary in-vitro cell screenings,and studies lack known-drug controls,etc.In order to improve the quality of such kind of studies,researchers should befamiliar with the standard procedures of new drug testing,and with the basic rules for drug screenings and efficacyassessments by in-vitro cell culture systems and in-vivo animal models.

The outcome of visual functions in a number of retinal diseases after treatment still remains limited, although significant advances in techniques of surgery and laser treatments have been made for these diseases, such as retinal degeneration and retinal detachment. Under anoxic conditions, death of photoreceptor cell occurs after retinal damage. Apoptosis, survival and rescue of retinal neurons depend on various biochemical changes, mediators and neurotrophic factors, and are also influenced by responses of glial cells. It is, therefore, of critical importance to pay more attention to further understanding of the neuropathology, and study and clinical application of neuroprotective strategies in order to promote functional recovery of the retina.

Retinal break is the cause of primary retinal detachment,which remains a main cause for visual loss,and closure of the breaks is the principle of treatment.Currently surgical treatment can successfully reattach the retina in most cases.However,some basic questions still beset treatment of the disease,such as the cause responsible for development of retinal breaks and how to prevent it,and how the visual recovery can be satisfactory after reattachment surgery.Recent research indicates that the development of retinal breaks is associated with the process of vitreous liquefaction,posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) and abnormal vitreoretinal adhesion and traction.The retinal breaks can occur in the posterior margin of the vitreous base in the eye with complete PVD.Partial PVD may cause posterior breaks especially in cases of myopic traction maculopathy associated with schisis-like thickening in the outer retina (foveoschisis) and vitreomacular traction.It is known that microstructural changes and atrophy of the macula,and epiretinal membrane formation are the reasons for poor vision after the retina is reattached.Therefore,more attention should be paid to further understand the vitreous pathology and traction mechanism,to research for methods of its clinical evaluation and strategy of prevention and treatment,and to accelerate visual recovery after reattachment surgery,in order to raise the standard of the disease treatment.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in adults of China has reached 12.8%. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) accounts for approximately 1/4-1/3 of the diabetic population. Several millions of people are estimated suffering the advanced stage of DR, including severe non-proliferative DR (NPDR), proliferative DR (PDR) and diabetic macular edema (DME), which seriously threat to the patients' vision. On the basis of systematic prevention and control of diabetes and its complications, prevention of the moderate and high-risk NPDR from progressing to the advanced stage is the final efforts to avoid diabetic blindness. The implementation of the DR severity scale is helpful to assess the severity, risk factors for its progression, treatment efficacy and prognosis. In the eyes with vision-threatening DR, early application of biotherapy of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor can improve DR with regression of retinal neovascularization, but whether it is possible to induce capillary re-canalization in the non-perfusion area needs more investigation. Laser photocoagulation remains the mainstay treatment for non-center-involved DME and PDR.

Purpose To study the refractive state of silicone oil tamponade eyes. Methods To calculate the theoretical refractive state of eyes with silicone oil based on clinical visual optics and to perform retinoscopy on 48 silicone oil filled eyes with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and 45 ones with PPV plus lensectomy with retinal reposition, and then study theoretical and experimental differences of diopter in silicone oil filled eyes. Results Postoperative diopter of the former increases (+6.26?1.20) D than preoperative diopter, while that of the latter is (+11.40?2.22) D. Conclusion Hyperopic changes are found in silicone oil tamponade eyes, and the experimental values are lower than the theoretical ones. This may be helpful in predicting the change of diopter of silicone oil tamponade eyes.

Objective To establish a method for primary culture of iris pigment epithelial cells (IPE). Methods Enzyme Assisted microdissection was used to isolate and cultivate the IPE cells. An identification was made with microscopic and immunohistochemical observations. Results IPE were successfully cultured and showed on differences with RPE in primary culture and subculture. Conclusion Enzyme Assisted microdissection is a reliable and quick method for the isolation of IPE.

Vitrectomy is helpful in the management of ocular trauma,but prolonged inflammation following vitrec tomy may be associated with a high incidence of traction retinal detachment. To test this hypothesis! ma-crophages.the main cellular component of vitreous inflammation,were injected into the vitreous cavity of rabbit eyes following vitrectorny. Fibrovascular proliferation over the medullary rays and optic disc and traction retinal detachment occurred in 13 of 15 vitrectomized eyes injected with macrophages,while in only three of 15 vitrectomized eyes injected with culture medium (controls). These results demonstrate that macrophages are capable of stimulating intraocular cellular proliferation. It is therefore suggested that anti-inflammation drugs and minimization of surgical intervention may improve the prognosis following vitrectomy.

Based on the histopathological observation of the perforated eyes in 74 cases, it is suggested that, according to the severity of the trauma, perforating eye injuries may be classified into 3 degrees. Those having enucleation done within 1 week after injury were all severe cases; none of them developed sympathetic ophthalmia. The eyes with less and moderate degree of injuries were enucleated mainly duo to secondary complications. Among the eyeballs examinedlater than 2 weeks after injury, intraocular fibropla-sia was found in 49 cases (92%), ciliary membranes in 34 cases (64%), epiretinal membranes in 23 cases (43%), and retinal detachment in 47 cases (89%). Contractive tissues were found in 19 cases with retinal detachment. Cellular proliferation was originated from the wound as well as the intraocular cell elements such as the ciliary epithelium.The following factors might stimulate the proliferation, e.g. incarceration of tissue in the wound, failing of the epithelium to cover the inner surface of the wound, inflammation and intraocular hemorrhage. Therefore, it is important to close the wound as early as possible and to remove blood and inflamed tissue with vitrectomy within 2 weeks after injury.

Objective To establish a hemorrhagic retinal detachment (HRD) model for the study of the damage and treatment of HRD. Methods Fourteen rabbits (28 eyes) were divided into the HRD (12 eyes) and control (16 eyes) group randomly. Autologous anticoagulated blood (0.2 ml) was transvitreally injected into the rabbits′ subretinal space with a special glass micropipette in HRD group (12 eyes); while 0.2 ml saline with or without heparin sodium (2.5 U/ml) was respectively injected into subretinal space respectively of the rabbits in heparin saline control group (6 eyes) and saline control group (3 eyes); furthermore, another 2 control groups, i.e.,pseudo injection group (3 eyes, single retinal puncturing without subretinal injection) and normal group (4 eyes of 2 normal rabbits) were also set. The conditions of the occurrence and representation of the retinal detachment (RD) were observed and analysed by means of ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and ultrasound A and (or) B scan examinations in the subsequent 28 days after the operation. Results After the operation, HRD occurred in all eyes of the rabbits in HRD group. The area of HRD extended from 10 to 12 disc diameter(DD). The obvious elevation of RD maintained to 14 days, and the residual subretinal hemorrhage was still observed till 28 days. The obvious RD of the rabbits in heparin saline and saline control group was only kept for no more than 12 hours. The retinal puncture hole in pseudo injection group disappeared 2 days after the operation, and there was no change in retina of rabbits in normal control group. Conclusion It is convenient, practical and effective to establish a HRD model by means of transvitreal subretinal injection of autologous anticoagulated blood.

Objective To investigate the effects of cytokines on the expression of syndecan-1 in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and the signal transduction pathway. Methods Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the expression of syndecan-1 mRNA and protein in normal RPE cells. The expression of syndecan-1 in RPE cells stimulated by different cytokines was detected and quantitatively analyzed by image process of immunofluorescence. The stimulation included 7 and 35 ng/ml tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-? for 24 hours, 1 and 6 ?g/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 11 hours, 7 ng/ml TNF-? for 0 to 24 hours (once per 2 hours, and 13 times in total), and 30% supernatant of monocyte/macrophage strain (THP-1 cells) for 3, 14 and 43 hours. The effect of 30% supernatant of THP-1 cells was assayed after pretreated by PD098059 [the specific inhibitor of extracellular signal regulated kinase(ERK) 1/2] for 2 hours. After exposed to 30% supernatant of THP-1 cells for 3 hours and treated by 0.25% trypsin for 5 minutes, RPE cells attaching was evaluated by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. Results In normal human RPE cells, expressions of syndecan-1 mRNA and protein were detected, and strong syndecan-1 positive yellowish green fluorescence was found in the cell membrane and cytoplasm while light green fluorescence was in the nucleus. As the concentration and stimulated time of TNF-? or LPS increased, the fluorescence intensity decreased(P