Study of new or previously known drugs for new applications in the treatments of eye diseases hasbeen one of the ma ior subjects in the ophthalmic field.However,we had found several caveats in the recently publishedpapers on experimental ophthalmic drug studies,such as new-drug trials lack of systemic designing,experimentalstudies without following the standard guidelines,in-vivo animal tests bypassed the necessary in-vitro cell screenings,and studies lack known-drug controls,etc.In order to improve the quality of such kind of studies,researchers should befamiliar with the standard procedures of new drug testing,and with the basic rules for drug screenings and efficacyassessments by in-vitro cell culture systems and in-vivo animal models.

Retinal break is the cause of primary retinal detachment,which remains a main cause for visual loss,and closure of the breaks is the principle of treatment.Currently surgical treatment can successfully reattach the retina in most cases.However,some basic questions still beset treatment of the disease,such as the cause responsible for development of retinal breaks and how to prevent it,and how the visual recovery can be satisfactory after reattachment surgery.Recent research indicates that the development of retinal breaks is associated with the process of vitreous liquefaction,posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) and abnormal vitreoretinal adhesion and traction.The retinal breaks can occur in the posterior margin of the vitreous base in the eye with complete PVD.Partial PVD may cause posterior breaks especially in cases of myopic traction maculopathy associated with schisis-like thickening in the outer retina (foveoschisis) and vitreomacular traction.It is known that microstructural changes and atrophy of the macula,and epiretinal membrane formation are the reasons for poor vision after the retina is reattached.Therefore,more attention should be paid to further understand the vitreous pathology and traction mechanism,to research for methods of its clinical evaluation and strategy of prevention and treatment,and to accelerate visual recovery after reattachment surgery,in order to raise the standard of the disease treatment.

The outcome of visual functions in a number of retinal diseases after treatment still remains limited, although significant advances in techniques of surgery and laser treatments have been made for these diseases, such as retinal degeneration and retinal detachment. Under anoxic conditions, death of photoreceptor cell occurs after retinal damage. Apoptosis, survival and rescue of retinal neurons depend on various biochemical changes, mediators and neurotrophic factors, and are also influenced by responses of glial cells. It is, therefore, of critical importance to pay more attention to further understanding of the neuropathology, and study and clinical application of neuroprotective strategies in order to promote functional recovery of the retina.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in adults of China has reached 12.8%. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) accounts for approximately 1/4-1/3 of the diabetic population. Several millions of people are estimated suffering the advanced stage of DR, including severe non-proliferative DR (NPDR), proliferative DR (PDR) and diabetic macular edema (DME), which seriously threat to the patients' vision. On the basis of systematic prevention and control of diabetes and its complications, prevention of the moderate and high-risk NPDR from progressing to the advanced stage is the final efforts to avoid diabetic blindness. The implementation of the DR severity scale is helpful to assess the severity, risk factors for its progression, treatment efficacy and prognosis. In the eyes with vision-threatening DR, early application of biotherapy of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor can improve DR with regression of retinal neovascularization, but whether it is possible to induce capillary re-canalization in the non-perfusion area needs more investigation. Laser photocoagulation remains the mainstay treatment for non-center-involved DME and PDR.

Based on the histopathological observation of the perforated eyes in 74 cases, it is suggested that, according to the severity of the trauma, perforating eye injuries may be classified into 3 degrees. Those having enucleation done within 1 week after injury were all severe cases; none of them developed sympathetic ophthalmia. The eyes with less and moderate degree of injuries were enucleated mainly duo to secondary complications. Among the eyeballs examinedlater than 2 weeks after injury, intraocular fibropla-sia was found in 49 cases (92%), ciliary membranes in 34 cases (64%), epiretinal membranes in 23 cases (43%), and retinal detachment in 47 cases (89%). Contractive tissues were found in 19 cases with retinal detachment. Cellular proliferation was originated from the wound as well as the intraocular cell elements such as the ciliary epithelium.The following factors might stimulate the proliferation, e.g. incarceration of tissue in the wound, failing of the epithelium to cover the inner surface of the wound, inflammation and intraocular hemorrhage. Therefore, it is important to close the wound as early as possible and to remove blood and inflamed tissue with vitrectomy within 2 weeks after injury.

Vitrectomy is helpful in the management of ocular trauma,but prolonged inflammation following vitrec tomy may be associated with a high incidence of traction retinal detachment. To test this hypothesis! ma-crophages.the main cellular component of vitreous inflammation,were injected into the vitreous cavity of rabbit eyes following vitrectorny. Fibrovascular proliferation over the medullary rays and optic disc and traction retinal detachment occurred in 13 of 15 vitrectomized eyes injected with macrophages,while in only three of 15 vitrectomized eyes injected with culture medium (controls). These results demonstrate that macrophages are capable of stimulating intraocular cellular proliferation. It is therefore suggested that anti-inflammation drugs and minimization of surgical intervention may improve the prognosis following vitrectomy.

Purpose To study the refractive state of silicone oil tamponade eyes. Methods To calculate the theoretical refractive state of eyes with silicone oil based on clinical visual optics and to perform retinoscopy on 48 silicone oil filled eyes with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and 45 ones with PPV plus lensectomy with retinal reposition, and then study theoretical and experimental differences of diopter in silicone oil filled eyes. Results Postoperative diopter of the former increases (+6.26?1.20) D than preoperative diopter, while that of the latter is (+11.40?2.22) D. Conclusion Hyperopic changes are found in silicone oil tamponade eyes, and the experimental values are lower than the theoretical ones. This may be helpful in predicting the change of diopter of silicone oil tamponade eyes.

Objective To establish a method for primary culture of iris pigment epithelial cells (IPE). Methods Enzyme Assisted microdissection was used to isolate and cultivate the IPE cells. An identification was made with microscopic and immunohistochemical observations. Results IPE were successfully cultured and showed on differences with RPE in primary culture and subculture. Conclusion Enzyme Assisted microdissection is a reliable and quick method for the isolation of IPE.

Objective To observe the influence of the expression of CD18 on the neutrophile and the leukocyte adhesion to retinal vascular endothelium by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) in early diabetic retinopathy rats. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats received intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin to induce diabetes model. 18 diabetic rats were divided into 3 groups randomly after 2 months of diabetes induction, including diabetic group (group B), HIF-1α anti-sense oligonucleotides (ASODN) injection group (group C) and HIF-1α sense oligonueleotides (SODN) injection group (group D), the age and weigh matched health rats were chosen as control group (group A), with 6 rats in each group. Then group A and B rats received 5 % glucose solution caudalis veins injection, group C and group D rats received HIF-1α ASODN and HIF-1α SODN caudalis veins injection, respectively(0.25 mg/kg). The level of CD18 on the neutrophil isolated from the peripheral blood was measured by flow cytometry. Retinal leukostasis was quantified with acridine orange leukocyte fluorography. Results The percentage of CD 18 positive neutrophil cell was (44.93±3. 60)% in group B, (18.66±1.52)% in group A, (31.66±4.72)% in group C,(51.00±5.66)% in group D. Compared with each other groups,the differences are statistically significant (F= 42. 46, P<0.001). The number of positive staining cells of retinal leukocyte was (46.16±10.68)in group A, (133.83±20.43)in group B, (99.83±9.28)in group C, (121.33±10. 23) in group C. Compared group B with group C,the number of positive staining cells raised about 2.89 times;compared group B with group C and D,the differences are statistically significant (P= 0.12, 95% confidence interval -3.69～28. 69 ). Conclusions In vivo, HIF-1α can decreased the expression of CD18 on neutrophils from diabetic rats' peripheral blood and the collection of retinal leukos- tasis in the diabetic animals. HIF-1α may serve as a therapeutic target for the treatment and/or prevention of early diabetic retinopathy.

Objective To investigate the expression of hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR) in epiretinal membranes (ERM) of eyes with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and cultured retinal pigent epithelium (RPE) cells. Methods Fifteen human epiretinal membranes were obtained from eyes undergone vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment complicated with PVR and observed by immunohistochemical examination to study the expression of HGFR. Using the immunohistochemical technique to evaluate the expression of HGFR in cultured RPE cells. Results In 6 membranes of PVR grade C, HGFR were expressed in 5/6, and 7 cases were detected in 9 membranes of PVR grade D.RPE cells express readily detectable levels of HGFR. Conclusion The findings indicate that HGF might be involved in the formation of epiretinal membranes in PVR.