AIM　To study the effect of NO on dependence and tolerance of NM in the guinea pig ileum in vitro. METHODS　The segment of the guinea pig ileum were suspended in organ chambers for measuring withdrawal responses are expressed as ratio of naloxone(100 nmol·L-1)and Ach (100 nmol*L-1) contraction respenses and measuring inhibitory effects of NM for contractions evoked by electric stimulation. RESULTS　After the segment of the ileum was incubated with NM (200 nmol*L-1), NM (200 nmol·L-1) plus L-Arg (0.1 mmol·L-1) ,at 4℃ for 24 h respectively, the ratio are 0.89±0.02, 0.90±0.02, (n=6) P>0.05. The ratio of NM (200 nmol·L-1) plus NOArg (0.1 mmol·L-1) is 0.47±0.05,compared with control (n=6,P<0.01). After the segment of the ileum was incubated with NM (500 nmol·L-1), NM (500 nmol·L-1) plus L-Arg (0.1 mmol·L-1) at 37℃ for 3 h respectively,the sensitivities of the preparations for NM were reduced significantly,their concentration-response curves were shift to right (P<0.01).In the segment of the ileum incubaled with NM (500 nmol·L-1) and NG-nitro-L-Arginime ( NOArg 0.1 mmol·L-1) at 37℃ for 3 h,the sensitivities of the preparations for NM was unchange (P>0.05).CONCLUSIONS　These results suggest that NO has important role on dependence and tolerance of NM in the guinea pig ileum.

0.05. The ratio of NM (200 nmol? L-l) plus NOArg (0.1 mmol. L-1 ) is 0.47 ? 0.05, compared with control (n = 6, P 0 .05). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that NO has important role on dependence and tolerance of NM in the guinea Pig ileum.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of combined therapy of Xuesaitong and routine Western Medicine in treating stable angina pectoris. Methods 120 cases of stable angina pectoris were randomly divided into treatment group and control group, with 60 cases in each group. Intravenous Nitrates, cardiac muscle nutrieeufical and antihypertensive medicine were administrated to the both groups. Xuesaitong injection was intravenous dripped to patients in the treatment group with 200 mg/d for 10 days. Results The total effective rate was 97.7% in the treatment group and 80.3%in the control group. There was significant difference between the two groups (P＜0.05). Conclusion Integrated therapy of xuesaitong injection and ratine Western Medicine has a great efficacy in treating patients with stable angina pectoris.

Objective To investigate the correlation and characteristic of the functional polymorphism of the dopamine D4 receptor gene on the behavioral problems in school-age twins.Method The behavioral problems were assessed among a total of 147 twin pairs aged 6-12 years with the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL).The DRD4 gene polymorphism was applied for different types with polymerase chain reaction.The generalized estimating equations model was used to analyze the effect of DRD4 gene polymorphism and the interaction of DRD4 gene polymorphism with children age,gender,monozygotic/dizygotic on twins' behavioral problems.Results (1) School-age children's anxiety/depression,withdrawn,thought problems,attention problems,social problems,delinquent problems,aggressive behavior and total variance mainly were correlated with DRD4 gene polymorphism (P＜0.05),and physical discomfort might be related with DRD4 gene polymorphism (P=0.067).Except social problems,the detection rate of behavioral problems of the twins with 4/6 genotype (Gene type carrying 5 or more repeated sequences) of DRD4 gene (6.25％-21.25％) was higher than those with other genotypes (0-14.74％).(2) Withdrawal was related to children age (x2=4.348,P＜0.05),and twins aged 6-10 might lead to withdrawal.(3) The interaction of DRD4 gene polymorphism and children age had a significant effect on withdrawal (x2=4.348,P＜0.05) and physical discomfort(x2 =5.189,P＜0.05),and the elder age (11-12 years) children had a certainly protective effect on the withdrawal and physical discomfort with 4/6 genotype in twins.The detection rates were 3.54％ and 2.65％ in the younger-age (6-10 years) twins,while all 0 in the elder-age (11-12 years) for the withdrawal and the physical discomfort respectively.Conclusions The DRD4 gene polymorphism may be correlated with behavioral problems in school-age twins.The interaction of DRD4 polymorphism and children age had a significantly effect on withdrawal and physical discomfort.

Cannabinoids have been used in clinic for many years.However,their effective mechanisms,especially the role of the endogenous cannabinoid system in the regulation of intestinal motility are still poorly understood.In this article,we introduced that the compositions of the Cannabinoid family members,including their receptors,analogues,and antagonists,and the effects of them on the gastrointestinal movement.We provide the useful update information for the further clinic and experiment study on the cannabinoid family and the endocannabinoid system.

Some patients with cervix cancer occurred effusion in the uterine cavity after radiotherapy, 18 cases of them were given hysterectomy. 55.6 percent of the cases occured in 2 years after radiotherapy. The clinical manifestations were lower abdominal mass and pain. There were signs such as enlarged uterus or pelvic mass. It was found that the uterine body had malignancy in 16 cases and the cervix in 11 cases after operation. The causes of effusion were probably the adhension of upper vagina and cervix tube, secondary carcinoma and recurrence of cervix tumor. Therefore, these patients have to be treated actively, and prevention must be paid attention to.

Objective To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of thermal balloon endometrial ablation (TBEA) for patients with menorrhagia. Methods From February 2004 to January 2008,105 women with menorrhagia was admitted to our hospital and treated by TBEA. The clinical data,including menstrual cycle and blood volume,as well as TBEA complications such as abdominal pain,infection,bleeding and conglutination,were followed up for a long period in the patients. Results Among the 105 patients,two were lost for follow-up,and one died of malignant tumor of the urinary system in 56 days after the TBEA,the other 102 (97.1%) patients achieved an follow-up for 3 (102 patients),6 (101 patients),12 (99 patients),24 (66 patients),or 36 months (51 patients) succesively. At each of the time point,the success/amenorrhea rates were 93.1% (95/102)/38.2% (39/102),93.1% (94/101)/33.7% (34/101),91.9% (91/99)/32.3% (32/99),93.9% (62/66)/34.8% (23/66),and 92.2% (47/51)/31.4% (16/51),respectively. No severe perioperative complications such as perforation of the uterus and adjacent organs,massive bleeding or infection due to mechanical or thermal injuries occurred. After the operation,11 (10.5%) patients had uterus contraction-like pain,which was relieved by analgesic drugs within 6 hours;8 (7.9%) patients had adhesion of the tissues around the cervix uteri and/or uterine cavity,4 of them were cured by dilation of the uterus,3 received surgical separation,and 1 underwent resection of the uterus. No significant difference in the effective rate and rate of amenorrhea was found between the 36-and 12-month follow-up results (?2=0.000,P=1.000 and ?2=0.014,P=0.906,respectively),or between 24-and 12-month follow-up results (?2=0.034,P=0.854;?2=0.114,P=0.736). Conclusion TBEA shows good long-term efficacy and safety,as an applicable alternative in the treatment of menorrhagia.

plus stented elephant trunk implantation (Bentall+Sun′s surgery), aortic root replacement (Bentall surgery), stent implantation, thoracic and abdominal aorta replacement. The aortic operation time of the 19 patients were 5 gestational weeks to 1 month after delivery. The relation between aortic operation and the termination of pregnancy: 4 patients underwent aorta surgery after termination of pregnancy, 9 patients had cesarean section and aorta surgery at the same time, 6 patients underwent aorta surgery before cesarean section. ②5 patients did not receive arota surgery, 2 patients of type A dissection and 1 patient of type B dissection died before the surgery;2 cases of type B dissection underwent conservative treatment. The termination time of pregnancy was 6-37 gestational weeks, with the average of (26 ± 10) weeks. (3)Maternal and fetal outcomes:20 patients survived after treatment (83%,20/24) and 4 patients died (17%,4/24). 10 cases were live births, including 4 full-term infants and 6 preterm premature infants. The birth weight of the neonates was 1 080-3 800 g, with the average of (2 302±764) g. Three of them were very low birth weight infants and 1 was low birth weight infant;3 neonates had mild asphyxia. The neonates were followed up for 0.5 to 10 years, with the average time of (1.4 ± 1.7) years. So far the infants′ development was good.Conclusions Pregnancy with aortic dissection is pernicious. Early identification, prompt diagnosis and prompt interventing of the vascular surgery are necessary to the safety of mother and fetus.

Objective To evaluate PBL teaching results in medical virology experiment course. Methods Medical students of class 2011 were randomized assigned into PBL group (n=45, 20 five-academic-year students and 25 seven-academic year students) and control group (n=63, 38 five-academic-year students and 25 seven-academic year students). Teaching effectiveness was evaluated by scores of experiment, medical virology examination and final examination. PBL group was surveyed with questionnaire. SPSS statistical software was used and t test was employed to do analysis. Results Scores in medical virology examination were higher in seven-academic-year students in PBL group than in control group and there was no difference in other two examination scores between the two groups. Survey showed that interest motivation, case analysis, experiment design and knowledge grasp-ing in PBL group were highly satisfied. However, evidence-based and generalization ability among seven-academic-year students as well as autonomous learning ability and ability to deduce material among five-academic-year students were not completed satisfied. Conclusions PBL with public health events in medical virology experiment course can develop students' intrinsic motivation, knowledge grasping and public health awareness. However, PBL methods should be adjusted to suit different academic students.

Objective To investigate the clinical treatment of infective endocarditis with vegetations in pregnant women and the outcomes of the gestation. Methods Nine cases of pregnant women diagnosed as infective endocarditis with vegetations in Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2001 to October 2015 were enrolled in retrospective analysis. Consultations were held by doctors from department of obstetrics, anesthesiology, cardiology, cardial surgery and extracorporeal circulation to decide the individualized treatment plan for the 9 cases of pregnant women after admissions. Clinical treatments including general treatment, anti-infection treatment, cardiac surgery, and termination of pregnancy surgery were completed through collaboration among related departments. The clinical characters, therapeutic regimens, maternal and neonatal outcomes of the 9 cases were analyzed. Results (1)Clinical characters: the ages of the 9 cases of pregnant women were from 25 to 36 years old. The onset gestational ages were from 19 to 36 weeks. Clinical symptoms: fever, cough, sputum and progressive anemia were the main symptoms. Patients had cyanosis of lips, could not lie on the back or even be orthopnea, when heart failure happened. Heart murmur was audible and splenomegaly was touched in physical examination. Blood cultures were positive. Basic heart disease types: 7 cases of congenital heart diseases included 2 cases of aortic insufficiency, 1 case of mitral insufficiency, 1 case of patent ductus arteriosus, 1 case of right ventricular outflow tract stenosis and 2 cases of ventricular septal defect.Two cases of rheumatic heart diseases included 1 case of mitral stenosis, 1 case of mitral stenosis after artificial disc changed and jammed. According to endocardial vegetations attached position there were 3 cases of mitral valve vegetations, 2 cases of pulmonary valve vegetations, 3 cases of aortic vegetations and 1 case of right ventricular outflow tract neoplasm. Preoperative heart function classification:1 case of levelⅡ, 3 cases of levelⅢ, 5 cases of levelⅣ.(2)Treatments:general treatment included oxygen uptake, rest in bed, cardiac strengthen and diuretic therapy, etc. Combined and adequate antibiotics were applied in anti-infection treatment according to drug sensitive test. Nine cases of pregnant women were all performed surgical treatment of heart diseases and removal of the endocardial vegetations. Caesarean sections were performed for 2 cases in second trimester and for 7 cases in last trimester. Cardiac surgery and caesarean section were operated in 6 cases at the same time among 22-34 weeks of pregnancy. Cardiac surgery were respectively operated in 2 cases 11 days and 32 days after the caesarean section at 33, 37 weeks of pregnancy. While Cardiac surgery was operated (at 26 weeks of pregnancy) before the caesarean section (at 37 weeks of pregnancy) in another 1 case. (3) Maternal and neonatal outcomes:7 cases of pregnant women were rescued successfully, while 2 cases of pregnant women were death. Postoperative heart function classification: 1 case of level Ⅰ, 2 cases of levelⅡ, 4 cases of levelⅢand 2 cases of levelⅥ. Neonatal survivals were 6 cases including 2case of full-term infants, 4 cases of preterm infants. Stillbirth or neonatal death were 3 cases, which included 2 cases performed caesarean section in second trimester and 1 case of very low weight infant who was given up treatment by family because of severe asphyxia. Followed up periods were from 1 to 7 years with an average time of (2.0 ± 1.6) years. Infants and young children grew and developed well during the period of follow up. Conclusions The risk is extremely high of pregnancy with infective endocarditis with vegetations. But there is still a way to save the maternal and neonatal life by using a multidisciplinary collaboration formulation and implementation of individualized treatment plan and selecting the appropriate time for heart surgery and the termination of pregnancy.