N400 as one of endogenic components in event-related potentials,which reflected the cognitive process of language in brain,has been more and more widely concerned.This article reviewed the discovery,the characteristics,the origins and the elicited methods of N400,summarized the investigations and point at issue on the cognitive process of language over the past several years,and explored the application foreground of N400 in the field of language cognition.

Objective:TO provide theoretic evidence for Chinese rehabilitation training to study the characteristics of right hemisphere in recognizing Chinese and association between left and right cerebral hemispheres.Methods:102 cases up to the qualification,including 41 patients with right-hemisphere-lesion(RHL)、 31 patients with left-hemisphere-lesion(LHL) and 30 healthy individuals as control,were collected and tested with The Standardized Aphasia Battery in Chinese(ABC)、Writing-scopy of Chinese Character and Visual Spatial Structure-scopy.Results:14 aphasic patients,including 1 RHL and 13 LHLs,were found 11 of 72 patients had apparent reading disorder,including 7 LHLs with language reading disorder and 4 RHLs with neglect reading disorder;and 29 of 72 patients had apparent writing disorder,including 13 LHLs with language writing disorder and 16 RHLs among whom 9 cases had visual space writing disorder and 7 cases had language writing disorder;RHLs showed lighter listenning comprehension disorder than that of LHLs in the test.Conclusion:Right hemisphere is mainly involved in Chinese written language recognition and processing,and one of the most important reasons of reading and writing disorder is left side neglect、visual consciousness and spatial analysis dysfunction due to RHL.

BACKGROUND:Wnt signal pathway is involved in the regulation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells differentiating into osteoblasts, promotes osteoblasts proliferation and differentiation, inhibits programmed death of osteoblasts, and indirectly affects the function of osteoclasts.
OBJECTIVE:To summarize the relationship between Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway and bone disease.
METHODS:A computer-based online search was performed to find papers published between January 2000 and January 2014 in CNKI database and Elsevier database. The key words were“Wnt/β-catenin, osteoblasts, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, osteoarthritis, chondrocytes”in Chinese. Documents concerning the effects of Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway on osteoblasts and bone disease were included.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Wnt signaling pathway is consisted of Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway (Wnt typical signal pathway), Wnt/Ca2+signal pathway and Wnt/planar cellpolarity signal pathway. Wnt signaling pathway is one of the most important regulatory systems that plays a key role in modulating the differentiation, proliferation and programmed celldeath of osteoblasts, osteoclasts and chondrocytes. The role of Wnt signal pathway in patients with rheumatoid arthritis is mediated by osteoblasts. The inhibitory factor of Wnt signal pathway in osteoblasts is upregulated, which reduces the ratio of osteoprotegerin/receptor activating factor ligand, promotes the osteoclasts differentiation and immaturation. The researches addressing the components and effect of Wnt signal pathway are important for the special treatment of bone diseases and the prevention of osteoporosis or other bone diseases.

Objective To observe brain areas activated during verb generation in Uyghur and Chinese,and thus to explore the neural mechanism of speech formation and understanding and the language barriers after brain injury and during recovery.Methods The blood oxygen level dependent contrast functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-fMRI) was used to scan activated brain areas of 31 cases of Uyghur and 28 cases of Chinese speakers as they completed a verb generation task.Results The mainareas activated in the brains of the Chinese group were the left caudate nucleus,the left inferior occipital gyrus,the left fusiformgyrus,bilateral supplementary motor areas (BA8/6),the left BA32 area,the left precuneus,the left superior parietal lobe (BA7),the left inferior parietal lobe,the left angular gyrus,the right precentral area (BA9),the pars triangularis of the left inferior frontal gyrus,the pars opercularis of the right inferior frontal gyrus and the bilateral cerebellum.The main activated areas of the Uyghur group were the left precentral area (BA9),the pars opercularis of the left inferior frontal gyrus,the pars triangularis of the left inferior frontal gyrus and the left cerebellum.Moreover,the Chinese group showed significantlygreater activation in left caudate body,the left orbital part of the middle frontal gyrus,the right caudate head and the bilateral anterior cingulate gyrus (BA32) compared to the Uyghur group.The Uyghur group,on the other hand,did not show activation significantly greater than that of the Chinese group in any area.Conclusions The brain areas activated when generating verbs in Uyghur and Chinese are not exactly the same-the processing of Uyghur mainly occursin the left hemisphere,while that of Chinese may need the participation of more brain areas in the right hemisphere.

Objective To study the writing characteristics and related focuses in brain in patients with Uighur and Chinese agraphia.Methods Aphasia Battery of Chinese (ABC) and Uighur ABC were used to examine the characteristics of speaking and writing. The focues were observed with CT and MRI. Results 67 patients were with agraphia, in which 37 were Uigur and 30 were ethnic Han. Both groups mostly showed aphasic agraphia, the focuses were found in various areas in the brain, and mostly located on the left frontal, parietal, temporal lobes and basal ganglion. Conclusion The characteristics of writing were various with the types of agraphia, but similar between Uighur and Chinese cases with same writing characteristics.Writing behavior relies on the cooperation of the whole neuromechanism.

Objective To observe the difference in activated brain regions when speaking Mandarin and Uyghur.Methods Blood oxygenation level dependent magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-fMRI) was used to scan the brains of 30 healthy,right handed volunteers-15 native Uyghur speakers and 15 native Mandarin speakers-while they performed semantic identification and verb generation tasks.The fMRI data were used to generate statistical parametric maps of the brain areas activated by each task.Results In the semantic identification task the left anterior cingulate gyrus (BA23) and the midline mesophyll wedge were activated significantly more strongly in the Uyghur group compared with the Mandarin speakers.In the verb generation task the left inferior temporal gyrus (BA37),the inferior parietal lobule,the fusiform gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus in the Uyghur group were all significantly more active.The right superior temporal gyrus (BA38) in the Mandarin group was significantly more active during verb generation than among the Uyghur speakers.Conclusions The brain regions activated during semantic processing and verb generation differ when speaking Uyghur and Mandarin.The cingulate gyrus and the praecuneus are more involved in Uyghur-language semantic processing,especially the left anterior cingulate gyrus.The right hemisphere is more important in Mandarin processing than in Uyghur.

Aim To investigate the alteration of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in early diabetic rat myo-cardium and clarify its role in development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Methods The diabetes mellitus ( DM) model was prepared by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin ( STZ, 60 μg · g-1 ) . The alteration of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was determined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. HE staining was used to analyze the change of myocardial pathologi-cal structure. Results Cardiac histological analyses revealed that DM induced cardiomyocyte degeneration and necrosis. Myocardial Wnt2, β-catenin and c-Myc were enhanced in 2 wk DM compared with control group while DKK1 showed no significant alteration. Conclusion Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is acti-vated in early diabetic myocardial injury. Further re-searches on its role in DM myocardium may find a new therapeutic target for diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Stroke is a hi-attack rate,hi-multilation rate and hi-death rate disease.More than 70 percent patients with stroke remain functional disturbance,which destroy their quality of life and bring them heavy burden.The early multidisciplinary rehabilitation treatment,rehabilitation care,family rehabilitation training and application of new technology are the major strategies in kinds of rehabilitation treatment on stroke patients.The clinical researches have showed that the effect of multidisciplinary rehabilitation treatment is obviously better than simple treatment.So these therapeutic regimens have wonderful prospect and valuable generalization.

Objective To study the reliability and validity of an aphasia battery of Uighur (ABU).Methods The Chinese Aphasia Battery (ABC) was translated into Uighur.Appropriate adaptation was made according to the features of Uyghur language,but the overall structure was unchanged.Three rounds of comments and revisions were conducted by experts and the ABU was back-translated into Chinese after language adjustment and pretesting.The ABU was then applied to evaluating 104 cases of stroke aphasia among Uighur speakers,among which 30 cases were retested one week later.The construct validity,internal reliability,retest reliability and splithalf reliability of the scale were tested using factor analysis and Spearman rank correlation analysis.Results The discrepancy between the original and back-translated ABC was less than 10％.The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was 0.917 and the p value of the Bartlett's test for sphericity was ≤0.005.Three common factors were extracted using principal component analysis with a varimax orthogonal rotation:a writing factor;and a listening comprehension factor.Together they explained a total of 81％ of the variance.The Cronbach's α of the components were 0.969 for oral expression,0.922 for listening comprehension,0.966 for reading and 0.924 for writing,giving a total α coefficient of 0.978.The test-retest correlation coefficients of 22 items were greater than 0.8,with only another two below 0.7.The split-half reliability of the scale was 0.906.Conclusions The aphasia battery in Uighur has good validity and reliability,and can quantitatively reflect the functional status and language changes among Uighur's with stroke aphasia.It may also be suitable for application in the clinical rehabilitation of other sorts of Uighurspeaking aphasics.

Objective To study the linguistic manifestations and locations of brain lesions of Uyghur aphasia patients,and the differences between Uyghurs and other Chinese aphasics.Methods Forty-five aphasic Uyghurs and forty-five other Chinese aphasies were studied.All had suffered a stroke.Aphasia examinations were performed using a Chinese aphasia battery(ABC).CT and MRI images were taken of all patients.Results There was no obvious difference in linguistic manifestations between the Uyghur and other aphasics.The brain lesions of 24 Uyghur cases(53.33％)and 36 of the others(80％)were located in the classic language centers,a highly significant difference.The incidence of crossed aphasia in the Uyghur group was higher than among the others.Conclusion Various types of aphasia have their own unique linguistic characteristics,but the same type of aphasia has the same linguistic characteristics among Uyghurs and other Chinese.Chinese aphasia is more coincident with the pattern of classic language centers than aphasia among Uyghurs.