lso.This result suggested that Th17 subset is differentiated in chronic stage of viral myocarditis.

Objective To discuss the expression level of serum procalcitonin( PCT) and clinical val-ue in acute viral diarrhea patients. Methods A total of 186 patients with acute viral diarrhea treated in our hospital from September 2013 to September 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. One hundred and seven were male and 79 were female,of which 171 cases were infected by rotavirus and 15 cases infected by norovirus. The average age was ( 1. 29 ± 0. 89 ) years old. All patients′ blood and stool cultures were negative. The patients were divided into three groups according to the degree of dehydration and whether complicated with multiple organ dysfunction or not:severe group( complicated with severe dehydration,shock or multiple organ dysfunction,n=33),mild-moderate dehydration group(n=68) and no dehydration group(n=85). Thirty-five healthy children with the same age were enrolled as the control group. Serum PCT levels,high sensitivity CRP(hs CRP) and blood routine were detected. Results The serum PCT levels increased in 73 patients with acute viral diarrhea,8 cases>100 ng/ml,21 cases 5 to 100 ng/ml and 44 cases 0. 5 to 5. 0 ng/ml. PCT( ng/ml)[0. 36(0. 14,1. 67),hsCRP(mg/L)[3. 50(0. 70,14. 83)] and WBC( × 109/L)[9. 06(6. 79,12. 50)] levels increased in the diarrhea patients compared with those in the healthy group[0. 09(0. 05,0. 13);1. 00 (0.40,2.50);6.90(5.90,8.20)](all P < 0.05). The level of PCT in patients with dehydration [0.54 (0. 19,7. 83)]was higher than that without dehydration[ 0. 26(0. 11,0. 55)](P<0. 05) and increased in severe group[13. 69(3. 41,60. 30)] compared with in those the mild-moderate group[0. 33(0. 13,0. 89)] and no dehydration group[0. 26(0. 11,0. 55)](all P<0. 017),but there was no difference among groups in hsCRP and WBC levels ( P>0. 05 ) . Conclusion PCT can increase in pediatric patients with acute viral diarrhea,especially in those with severe dehydration,shock and organ dysfunction. Continued high levels of PCT indicates critical condition and has poor prognosis. PCT can be used as a good indicator to evaluate the severity of disease and the prognosis.

Objective To explore the effect of urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin(uNGAL) and urine interleukin-18(uIL-18) on the ill condition and prognosis in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) at inception of continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH).Methods Children came from Department of Nephrology,PICU and health examination center in Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center were divided into 4 groups:critically ill patients with AKI receiving CVVH group(group A),critically ill patients with non-AKI receiving CVVH group(group B),critically ill patients with AKI didn't recevie CVVH group(group C),and healthy control group(group D).Serum creatinine(SCr),uNGAL and uIL-18 in all patients were analyzed.Results The uNGAL in group A and group C [(161.56 ± 71.44) μg/L,(153.69 ±51.33) μg/L] increased obviously when compared with group B and group D [(33.50 ± l 0.76) μg/L,(16.37 ± 6.20) μg/L] (all P ＜ 0.05).The uIL-18 in group A and group C[(4.16 ±1.13) μg/L,(3.81 ± 1.05) μg/L] was higher than that in group B and group D [(0.25 ± 0.04) μg/L,(0.19 ± 0.15) μg/L] (all P ＜ 0.05).There was no significance of uNGAL and uIL-18 between group B and group D(all P ＞ 0.05).The peak level of uNGAL[(241.76 ± 53.60) μg/L vs (196.32 ± 39.28) μg/L] and uIL-18[(5.15 ±0.78) μg/L vs (4.30 ±0.89) μg/L] in critically ill patients with AKI was higher in renal recoveries than in renal non-recoveries(P ＜0.05).The levels of uNGAL and uIL-18 critically ill patients at initiation of CVVH were higher in non-survivors when compared with survivors [(213.50 ± 104.78) μg/L vs (79.91 ± 55.81) μg/L,P ＜ 0.05],[(4.48 ± 2.32) μg/L vs (1.94 ± 1.88) μg/L,P ＜ 0.05].The levels of uNGAL and uIL-18 of critically ill patients with AKI at initiation of CVVH were higher in non-survivors than in survivors [(256.99 ± 49.33) μg/Lvs (127.11 ±38.99) μg/L,P＜0.05],[(5.48±0.67) μg/Lvs (3.65 ±0.98) μg/L,P＜0.05].The levels of uNGAL and uIL-18 at the first diagnosis time of AKI were higher in non-survivors than in survivors (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions uNGAL and urine IL-18 at commencement of CVVH predicts short-term prognosis in critically ill patients with AKI.uNGAL and urine IL-18 can be as a prognostic value in the prediction of the need for renal replacement therapy initiation or mortality in critically ill patients with AKI.

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of Kawasaki disease shock syndrome ( KDSS) and to improve the diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of patients. Methods A total of 924 cases of Kawasaki disease ( KD) hospitalized from January 2013 to April 2017 in our hospital were retrospectively an-alyzed,including 16 children with KDSS. And 30 patients with KD were randomly selected as the control group. The clinical characteristics,laboratory examination and treatment of the two groups were compared and analyzed. Results There were 9 males and 7 females in KDSS group,and average age was (3. 95 ± 2. 56) years. The average time to happen shock was (4. 31 ± 0. 79) days. There were no significant differences in gender,age and duration of fever between KDSS group and KD group respectively ( P >0. 05 ) . KDSS patients were more likely to develop abdominal pain, hepatic injury ( including elevated transaminase and jaundice),proteinuria,peritoneal effusion,pneumonia,coronary aneurysm,IVIG resistance and longer hospi-talization (P<0. 05). WBC[(28. 42 ± 10. 46) × 109/L vs. (20. 34 ± 7. 57) × 109/L],the neutrophils [(89.86 ± 7.00)％ vs. (73.14 ± 13.91)％],hsCRP (mg/L) [181.95(141.58,218.00) vs.94.65 (55. 33,109. 50)],PCT(ng/ml)[9. 68 (4. 85,12. 07) vs. 0. 09 (0. 04,0. 37)] and serum ferritin (ng/ml) [(388. 12 ± 241. 75) vs. (169. 86 ± 95. 14)] in the KDSS group was significantly higher than those in KD group (P<0. 05). There were no differences in ESR(mm/h) [(75. 71 ± 25. 25) vs. (79. 87 ± 22. 76)], fibrinogen (g/L) [(6. 17 ± 1. 45) vs. (6. 03 ± 1. 47)] between two groups (P>0. 05). The levels of plate-let count[ (655. 50 ± 226. 98) × 109/L vs. (549. 93 ± 119. 15) × 109/L],the albumin (g/L) [(22. 54 ±5.13)vs.(33.32±3.18)],serumsodium(mmol/L)[(130.47±2.79)vs.(134.77±2.81)]andserumpotassi-um (mmol/L) [(4. 59 ± 0. 74) vs. (4. 04 ± 0. 43)] and ejection fraction [(60. 16 ± 6. 18)％ vs. (64. 81 ± 3. 71)％] in KDSS group were lower than those in KD group (P<0. 05). During the course of treatment,14 patients were accepted fluid resuscitation and the average volume of fluid was (27. 19 ± 19. 58) ml/kg. Ten patients used vasoactive drugs. Six patients were treated with hormone ( methylprednisolone ) . All patients were discharged from hospital. Conclusion KDSS is a serious form of KD,the indicators of inflammatory response increased more obviously. Organ damage occurs more frequently,and often accompanies abdominal pain. Anti-shock treatment often requires fluid resuscitation and use of vasoactive drugs.

Objective:In May 2019, the 2018 version of Criteria and practical guidance for determination of brain death in children in China was published, which was revised by Brain Injury Evaluation Quality Control Center of National Health Commission, making the determination of brain death for pediatric patients in China more standardized and orderly.However, there is currently lacking of direction for the implementation of the above criteria for determining brain death to patients supported on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO) in China.We successfully completed the determination of brain death and the organ transplantation(as a donor)for a pediatric case with severe brain injury and pneumorrhagia supported by VA-ECMO in our PICU, which provided clinical references for the revision of the guidelines for determination of brain death for pediatric patients in China. Methods:By referring to the international guidelines of Determination of Brain Death/ Death by Neurologic Criteria: The World Brain Death Project published in JAMA in August 2020, we performed a determination of brain death for a case of pediatric patient with severe brain injury and pneumorrhagia supported by VA-ECMO(blood flow 720 to 750 ml/min, gas flow 600 mL/min, oxygen concentration 65% to 70%)in our PICU. Results:The results of the determination of brain death included: Glasgow coma scale was 2T, all brainstem reflexes disappeared, three confirmation tests(electroencephalography, transcranial Doppler, short latency somatosensory evoked potential)all met the criterias for determination of brain death, apnea test(AT)showed PaCO 2>60 mmHg and elevated >20 mmHg than that before AT.We performed twice determination of brain death, interval time was >12 h. Finally, we successfully completed the determination of brain death and the organ transplantation(as a donor)for the case. Conclusion:The successful experience in the determination of brain death in the pediatric patient with severe brain injury and pneumorrhagia supported by VA-ECMO will provide clinical references for the revision of the guidelines for determination of brain death for pediatric patients in China.

Objective:To investigate the prevalence, risk factors and outcomes of diastasis recti abdominis (DRA) in multiparas after the second delivery.Methods:From June 2017 to September 2019, 300 multiparas with an average age of (31.7±4.0) years (26 to 43 years) after the second delivery were recruited at 6 weeks postpartum from two hospitals in Wenzhou. There were 171 multiparas with two natural births,36 multiparas with one natural birth and one caesarean delivery, and 93 multiparas with two caesarean deliveries. The interrectus distance (IRD) was measured with palpation at 6 weeks, 6 months and 12 months after delivery. Data on age, height, weight before pregnancy and delivery, baby′s birth weight, abdominal circumference before pregnancy and delivery, fetus number, delivery mode and occupation type were collected. Strength and endurance of abdominal muscle was assessed using manual muscle testing and curl-ups, low back pain was assessed using Oswestry disability index(ODI), urinary incontinence was assessed with International Consultation on Incontinence guestionnaire-incontinentia urinae (ICIQ-UI) short form (ICIQ-SF), and quality of life was assessed using 36-item short form health survey (SF-36).Results:Prevalence of DRA was 51.7%(155/300), 39.3%(116/295) and 27.7%(80/289) 6 weeks, 6 months and 12 months after delivery, respectively. Logistic regression analysis indicated that age ( OR=1.39, 95 %CI:1.02-1.91, P=0.38), abdominal circumference ratio ( OR=2.31, 95 %CI:1.23-4.33, P=0.01), twins ( OR=11.41, 95 %CI:2.15-60.76, P<0.01), and cesarean section ( OR=1.44, 95 %CI:1.06-1.95, P=0.02) were the risk factors of DRA at 12 months after delivery. At 12 months after delivery, the multiparas with DRA had weaker strength and endurance of abdominal muscle ( Z=-3.62, P<0.01; Z=-8.91, P<0.01), more serious low back pain ( Z=-2.10, P=0.04), and lower quality of life on physical health ( t=-3.34, P<0.01) than the multiparas without DRA. No difference in prevalence and severity of urinary incontinence and quality of life on psychological health was found when comparing multiparas with and without DRA (χ 2=0.66, P=0.42; Z=-1.18, P=0.24; t=0.91, P=0.36). Conclusion:Multipara after the second delivery has great likelihood for DRA.Age, abdominal circumference ratio, twins, and cesarean section are the risk factors of DRA. DRA is related to abdominal muscle dysfunction, low back pain, and quality of life.

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics of Group A Streptococcal(GAS) toxic shock syndrome (STSS) in children. Methods:The clinical data of 10 STSS children hospitalized in Shenzhen Children′s Hospital from January 2015 to March 2022 were downloaded from the electronic medical record system.The clinical manifestations were analyzed and treatment experience was summarized respectively.Results:There were 5 males and 5 females, with an average age of (5.29±2.87) years.All the patients were healthy in the past.The diagnoses were confirmed by blood culture in 2 cases, pus culture in 5 cases, and blood metagenomics next generation sequencing in 3 cases.The rapid detection of GAS antigen was positive in 7 cases.All cases had fever, and 9 cases of them developed fever after viral infection, including pneumonia in 7 cases, skin and soft tissue infections in 6 cases, necrotizing fasciitis in 3 cases, and purulent meningitis in 1 case.All cases also presented with shock.Six cases had liver function injury, and 4 cases suffered from acute kindey injury.Four cases had infection-related encephalopathy, and 7 cases were afflicted with disseminated intravascular coagulation.Two cases had respiratory failure, and 2 cases had rhabdomyolysis.There were 3 cases with a decreased white blood cell (WBC) count and 7 cases with an increased WBC count on admission.Seven cases were found to have thrombocytopenia, but their platelet levels were all elevated after recovery.C-reactive protein and procalcitonin and the proportion of neutrophils were markedly increased in all cases.All cases suffered from hypoalbuminemia, hyponatremia and hypocalcemia.All the 10 positive strains were sensitive to Penicillin, Ceftriaxone/Cefotaxime and Vancomycin.Eight cases were treated with combined antibiotics after admission.Eight patients received intravenous immunoglobulin.All cases were cured and discharged.Conclusions:The STSS progresses rapidly in children, so pediatricians should pay great attention to the disease.Early identification, diagnosis of infection sources, infusion of antibiotics and surgical treatment are the keys to disease management.

Objective To evaluate cardiovascular benefits in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with the marketed 11 sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors and glucagon-like polypeptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonism by Bayesian network meta-analysis system. Methods MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library were searched from the establishment of the database to 18 July 2020. The endpoint of the study was adverse cardiovascular events. The effect measures were hazard ratios (HR) and 95% credible intervals (CI). Results Compared with placebo, empagliflozin, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, albiglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, semaglutide reduced the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes with HR and 95% CI ranging between 0.75(0.60-0.95)~0.90(0.82-0.99); The risk of heart failure was reduced by empagliflozin, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin and ertugliflozin, with HR and 95%CI ranging between 0.64(0.49-0.82)~0.74(0.65-0.85); Empagliflozin, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, exenatide, liraglutide and oral semaglutide reduced the incidence of all-cause mortality with HR and 95%CI ranging between 0.52(0.33-0.84)~0.89(0.80-0.99); Empagliflozin, canagliflozin, liraglutide and oral semaglutide can reduce the risk of cardiovascular death events, with HR and 95% CI ranging between 0.54(0.30-0.95)~0.83(0.71-0.96) . Conclusion The order of the cardiovascular benefits of SGLT-2 inhibitors or GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease are canagliflozin (the best), empagliflozin, dulaglutide, liraglutide; for patients with type 2 diabetes and heart failure. The order of the cardiovascular benefits for patients with type 2 diabetes and heart failure are empagliflozin, canagliflozin, ertugliflozin, and dapagliflozin.

OBJECTIVESepsis is the major cause of death in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). The clinical manifestations of early sepsis is very similar to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) caused by non-infectious reason. This study aimed to investigate the expression of miRNA and inflammatory cytokines in plasma in pediatric sepsis patients and its clinical significance.

METHODForty children with sepsis seen in Shenzhen children's hospital PICU from April 2012 to March 2013 were enrolled in this study, the median age was 0.75 (0.52, 1.90) years; 27 were males and 13 females, of whom 16 had severe sepsis. We selected 20 postsurgical patients with SIRS and 15 healthy children as a control group. The expression levels of plasma miR-21, miR-125b, miR-132, miR-146a, miR-155 and miR-223 were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). The predictive value of miRNA, PCT and CRP for sepsis were evaluated by Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). TNF-α and IL-10 levels in plasma detected by Cytometric Beads Array (CBA). Quantitative data of normal distribution was compared with ANOVA among the three groups and LSD-t test between two groups. To non-normal distribution of data, multiple comparisons among three groups were conducted by Kruskal-Wallis H test and differences between two groups were assessed by Mann-Whitney U test for post hoc analysis.

RESULTThere were no significant differences between the age and gender of each group. Expression of miR-21, miR-125b, miR-132 and miR-155 in plasma had no significant difference in each group (all P > 0.05). MiR-146a and miR-223 levels in sepsis were upregulated compared with SIRS group and control group [(5.7 ± 3.5)×10(-5) vs. (2.4 ± 1.6)×10(-5) and (2.6 ± 1.2)×10(-5), (12.5 ± 7.7)×10(-4) vs. (8.3 ± 3.4)×10(-4) and (5.3 ± 2.2)×10(-4), all P < 0.01], expression levels of miR-223 in SIRS increased as compared to control group (P < 0.01). MiR-146a levels in severe sepsis were higher than those of the general sepsis [ (7.1 ± 3.3)×10(-5) vs. (4.6 ± 2.6)×10(-5), P < 0.01]. CRP and PCT levels are all higher in sepsis and SIRS groups than control group (all P < 0.01). The area under ROC curve (AUC) of miR-146a, miR-223, PCT and CRP to predict sepsis were 0.815 (95%CI: 0.708-0.922), 0.678(95%CI: 0.537-0.818), 0.706 (95%CI: 0.571-0.842) and 0.588 (95%CI: 0.427-0.748). Expression levels of IL-10 and IL-10/TNF-α in sepsis were upregulated compared with and SIRS group and the control group (all P < 0.01). There was a positive correlation between miR-146a, miR-223 and IL-10 and IL-10/TNF-α (r = 0.545, 0.305, 0.562, 0.373, all P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe expression levels of miR-146a and miR-223 in plasma in pediatric patients with sepsis was significantly upregulated, and had a positive correlation with IL-10 and IL-10/TNF-α, which may be used as early diagnostic markers and can reflect the severity of condition to a certain degree.

Biomarkers ; blood ; Calcitonin ; blood ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care Units, Pediatric ; Interleukin-10 ; blood ; Male ; MicroRNAs ; blood ; Prognosis ; ROC Curve ; Sepsis ; blood ; diagnosis ; Severity of Illness Index ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ; blood ; diagnosis ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; blood

Objective To study the constituents of urinary stones in patients in Zhejiang,and analyze the composition difference between patients from northern Zhejiang province and southern Zhejiang province.Methods From October 2012 to October 2018,clinical data of 4 423 urinary stone patients treated in Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University,and Huzhou First People's Hospital was retrospectively analyzed.Infrared spectrum was used to analyze urinary calculi constituents.Among 4 423 patients,there were 3 041 males and 1 382 females,male to female ratio was 2.2∶ 1,and the mean age was (51.2 ±16.5) years.There were 2 974 northern Zhejiang patients and 1 449 southern Zhejiang patients.High incidence age group was 41-60 years [48.2％ (2 136/4 423)].The distribution characteristics of urinary calculi constituents in different groups of sex,age,and region were analyzed.Results Among the 4 423 cases,the mixed urinary stones were dominant in the urinary calculus [73.1％ (3 235/4 423)],in which,the most component was the calcium oxalate monohydrate + calcium oxalate dehydrate + carbonated apatite [36.2％ (1 604/4 423)];among the pure stones,the most component was the calcium oxalate monohydrate [16.3 ％ (719/4 423)].Carbonated apatite stones [70.1％ (970/1 382) vs.61.0％ (1 856/3 041),P ＜0.05] and magnesium ammonium phosphate stones [12.7％ (176/1 382) vs.4.9％ (150/3 041),P ＜ 0.05] were both more prevalent in females than males,but uric acid stones[10.6％ (325/3 041) vs.5.8％ (81/1 382),P ＜0.05] were more common in males than females.The proportions of calcium oxalate stones[90.6％ (961/1 060) vs.76.2％ (935/1 227),P ＜0.05],carbonated apatite stones [77.6％ (823/1 060) vs.50.7％ (623/1 227),P ＜ 0.05],and magnesium ammonium phosphate stones[9.1％ (97/1 060) vs.6.5％ (80/1 227),P ＜0.05] of 0-40 years group were all higher than ＞ 60 years group,however,uric acid stones were more frequent in ＞ 60 years group [3.5％ (38/1 060) vs.17.0％ (209/1 227),P ＜ 0.05].The proportion of calcium oxalate stones in southern Zhejiang was lower than northern Zhejiang [79.0％ (1 145/1 449) vs.89.4％ (2 661/ 2 974),P ＜ 0.05].However,carbonated apatite stones [71.5％ (1 037/1 449) vs.60.1％ (1 789/2 974),P ＜ 0.05],magnesium ammonium phosphate stones [15.1％ (220/1 449) vs.3.5％ (106/ 2 974),P ＜ 0.05],and uric acid stones [10.7％ (156/1 449) vs.8.4％ (250/2 974),P ＜ 0.05] were more prevalent in southern Zhejiang than northern Zhejiang.Conclusions The distribution of constituents of urinary stones in Zhejiang was different in genders,age,and regions.Carbonated apatite stones and magnesium ammonium phosphate stones were more prevalent in females and young people,and uric acid stones were more common in males and old people.Calcium oxalate stones were more common in youths.Moreover,calcium oxalate stones were more frequent in northern Zhejiang,and carbonated apatite stones,magnesium ammonium phosphate stones and uric acid stones were common in southern Zhejiang.